Chapter 2 Flashcards
Describe and compare the structure of a plant cell with an animal cell, as seen under a light microscope
plants have exclusively a cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuoles and have their cell membrane behind the cell wall. Animals have their cell membrane right on the outside of the cell. Both have a nucleus and cytoplasm
State the functions of the cell membrane
- forms a barrier
- keeps the contents of the cell inside
- allows simple substances to enter and leave the cell e.g oxygen, CO2 and water
- controls movement
- partially permeable
State the functions of the nucleus
- controls all activities in the cell
- controls how cells develop
State the functions of the cytoplasm
- place where many chemical reactions occur
State the functions of the chloroplasts
- photosynthesis
- stores starch
State the functions of the cell wall
- stops cells from bursting when filled with water
- gives shapes to cells
- allows water and dissolved substances to pas through freely (fully permeable)
State the functions of the sap vacuole
- full of water to maintain shape and firmness of the cell
- stores salts and sugars
What are the structures that the cytoplasm of all cells contain?
ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles
What do almost all cells, except prokaryotes, have?
mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria and rough ER look like?
Rough ER is a complex system of double membranes with ribosomes on it, mitochondria have an outer membrane, inner membrane and folds inside
Where does aerobic respiration occur?
mitochondria
What do all cells with high rates of metabolism require?
large numbers of mitochondria to provide sufficient energy
Function of ciliated cells
they allow movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi as the cilia (something on the surface of ciliated cells) beat back and forth to create a current in the fluid next to the cell surfaces.
All this allows them to move the mucus that trapped dust and pathogens upwards to the throat and nose.
Function of root hair cells
it is responsible for absorption of mineral ions and water and their long extensions give them a large surface area to absorb as much of these nutrients as possible.
Function of xylem vessels
The xylem vessels are cylindrical and empty, like pipes. the cell walls are thickened with bands of cellulose and lignin. These characteristics help the xylem to carry the water and ions from the roots to the rest of the plant and help to support the stem and leaves.
Function of palisade mesophyll cells
These cells have many chloroplasts in the cytoplasm which trap light energy. There are also starch grains in the cytoplasm which are formed by photosynthesis as a temporary store of energy. All of these help the cell in terms of photosynthesis.
Function of nerve cells
they have thin extensions of the cytoplasm that allow to transmit nerve impulses quicker.
Function of red blood cells
They are shaped like flattened disks for a large surface area compared to their volume making it efficient for the absorption and transport of oxygen
Function of sperm and egg cells
Sperm:
- have a tail to swim and the head carries the genetic information to be able to transfer male genetic information to the female for reproduction.
Egg:
- contain yolk as a store of energy where the genes of the mother are found in the nucleus
tissue
a group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared function
organ
a structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions
organ system
a group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions
State examples of tissues, organs and organ systems in humans
muscle cells -> cardiac muscle tissue -> heart made up of cardiac muscle tissue and other tissues -> heart and blood vessels make up the circulatory system
Identify the different levels of organisation in drawings, diagrams and images of familiar and unfamiliar material
ok.
Calculate magnification and size of biological specimens
actual size = image size/magnification and remember to be able to convert millimetres and micrometers
State examples of tissues, organs and organ systems in plants
leaf palisade -> leaf tissue -> leaf -> the milkweed plant
