Chapter 16 Flashcards
asexual reproduction
a process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction to a population of a species in the wild and crop population
Advantages:
- it is fast
- It takes less energy to find a mate
Disadvantages:
- compete with parents for resources
- for crops, since there is little to no variation, if one is affected by a certain disease they all will as they all have no resistance.
- for wild plants, if the environments change, it is unlikely a new species could adapt to the environment
- in the wild, if there is more variation there is more chance for a species to adapt and evolve.
sexual reproduction
a process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes (sex cells) to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other
the nuclei of gametes are….
…haploid
the nucleus of a zygote is….
….diploid
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction to a population of a species in the wild and crop population
Advantages:
- each offspring is genetically unique, so there is wild diversity
- each organism is unique so disease cannot spread as easily.
- organisms can adapt
Disadvantages:
- it may be difficult for some species to find mates,
especially when there is an imbalance of males and females in an area or if the species
is endangered.
- it takes longer and requires more energy to produce
offspring, therefore it is less efficient than asexual reproduction.
Identify and draw, using a hand lens if necessary, the sepals, petals, stamens, filaments and anthers, carpels, style, stigma, ovary and ovules, of an insect-pollinated flower
ok
State the functions of the sepals
They protect the flower when it is a bud
State the functions of the petals
attracts insects to carry their pollen
State the functions of the anthers
where the pollen is made
State the functions of the stigma
A stalk which helps hold the anther
State the functions of the ovaries
They carry the ovules, which contain the egg cell
Distinguish between the pollen grains of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers
The pollen grains of insect pollinated flowers are often spiky and sticky. This helps to attach to the hairs on the insects body.
The pollen grains of wind pollinated flowers are small, smooth and light so they can be easily carried by the wind. There is a lot of pollen produced in wind pollination as it is not entirely likely it will attach to the stigma of another plant.
self-pollination
the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or different flower on the same plant
cross-pollination
transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species
Discuss the implications to a species of self-pollination and cross-pollination in terms of variation, capacity to respond to changes in the environment and reliance on pollinators
Cross-pollination leads to more variation in plants than self-pollination. With more variation, organisms are more likely to adapt to their environment if it changes. Although, self-pollination does not have to rely on pollinators as they are so close by.
Describe the growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule followed by fertilisation
pollen grows a pollen tube to take the male nucleus to the egg. As the pollen tube grows downwards, it gains nutrients from the tissues of the style and carries the male gamete nucleus with it. The first pollen tube reaches the ovary, then enters the ovule through a small hole (the micropyle). The male gamete nucleus then fuses with the egg cell nucleus; leading to fertilisation.
When does fertilisation occur in plants?
when a pollen nucleus fuses with a nucleus in an ovule
Describe the structural adaptations of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers
Insect pollinated flowers are bright, colourful, smell nice and produce nectaries to attract insects. Wind-pollinated flowers have their feathery stigmas outside the flower to increase the surface area to catch the pollen.**
Investigate and state the environmental conditions that affect germination of seeds, limited to the requirement for water, oxygen and a suitable temperature
Identify and name on diagrams of the male reproductive system: the testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra and penis, and state the functions of these parts
rather not ngl