Chapter 2 Flashcards
approach to studying disorders of childhood and adolescence that emphasizes the importance of developmental processes and tasks
developmental psychopathology
approach to the prevention of disease that involves education, public policy, and similar actions to promote health
health promotion
area of the brain responsible for functions underlying much of our thinking and reasoning abilities, including memory
frontal lobes
assumption that abnormal child behavior is determined by both the child and his or her environment
interdependent
assumption that early patterns of adaptation evolve and transform into higher-order functions in a structured manner
organization of development
branch of science that investigates possible connections between a genetic predisposition and observed behavior
Behavioral Genetics
child’s innate reactivity and self-regulation with respect to the domains of emotions, activity level, and attention
temperament
complex interplay of nature and nurture to account for genetic and environmental influences and their timing
Gene-environment Interaction (GxE)
construct to describe how people think about themselves in relation to others, and how they interpret ambiguous events
social cognition
deviation from or inability to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones
adaptational failure
dimension of emotional processes associated with individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience
emotion reactivity
dimension of emotional processes associated with individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience
emotion reactivity
enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates noticeably from the expectations of the individual’s culture
personality disorders
malleable nature of the brain, evidenced throughout the course of development (use-dependent)
neural plasticity
method that directly assesses the association between variations in DNA sequences and variations in particular traits
Molecular Genetics
ongoing process of establishing and maintaining an emotional bond with parents or other significant caregivers
attachment
path made up of clustered neurons that connect one part of the brain to another
brain circuit
process by which a child’s previous experiences and interactions may spread across systems and alter development
developmental cascades
process by which the subject and environment interact to contribute to the expression of a disorder
transaction
set of factors that produces behavioral differences among siblings living in the same household
nonshared environment
set of factors that produces similarities in developmental outcomes among siblings living in the same household
shared environment
set of processes by which emotional arousal is redirected, controlled, or modified to facilitate adaptive functioning
emotion regulation
set of underlying biological changes to genetic structure resulting from environmental factors, such as toxins, diet, stress
Epigenetic
stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands
cortisol
study of the causes of disorders
etiology
theoretical approach to studying behavior interested in overt behaviors and how possible cognitive mediators may influence such behaviors
social learning
theoretical position for explaining development that proposes that normal and abnormal developmental changes are gradual and quantitative
continuity
theoretical position for explaining development that proposes that normal and abnormal developmental changes are abrupt and qualitative
discontinuity
theory that one’s behavior can be most accurately understood in context of the dynamics of their family
family systems
window of time during which environmental influences on development are heightened, thus providing enhanced opportunities to learn
sensitive period
They have an independent effect on the existing relationship between 2 variables by influencing the direction or strength of relationship between them. The association between the 2 variables depends on or differs as a function of them (age, sex, SES, or cultural background).
Moderators
These account for some or all of the apparent relationship between 2 variables. They represent a process, mechanism, or means through which a variable produces an outcome and describe what happens at psychological or neurobiological level to explain how 1 variable results from another.
Mediators
Process of assimilating/adapting to a different, receiving culture by an individual from another cultural group (usually a minority).
acculturation
The ______ perspective considers brain and nervous system functions as underlying causes of psychological disorders.
Neurobiological
Each person’s unique genome is established at __________ and consists of approximately _____________ genes.
Conception; 20,000-25,000
In males, the sex chromosome pair consists of an _____ and in females the sex chromosome pair consists of _____
XY and XX
Molecular genetics research methods directly assess the association between variations in _____________.
DNA sequences and variations in a particular trait.
_______ refers to individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience which provides information about an individual’s level of distress and sensitivity to the environment.
Emotion reactivity
What psychological theory is most associated with Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)?
Operant Conditioning (positive and negative reinforcement; extinction and punishment)
British child psychiatrist ____________ integrated aspects of evolutionary biology with existing psychodynamic concepts of early experiences to develop his theory of __________________.
John Bowlby; attachment
Family systems theorists argue that it is difficult to understand or predict the behavior a child without examining the influence of the other _______________.
Family members
Which are the four attachment styles proposed by developmental research Mary Ainsworth (1978)?
Secure
Insecure
Disorganized
Todays’ focus on _________ encourages changes, opportunities, and competence to achieve one’s health potential.
Health promotion
A __________________ approach attempts to change aspects of the child’s environment to improve upon specific problems.
Behavioral
Within the context of the development of child problematic behaviors very few ______________________ exist.
cause-and-effect relationships
_______________________ is an approach to describing and studying disorders of childhood, adolescence, and beyond.
Developmental psychopathology
_______________________ is the failure to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones.
Adaptational failure
In the _______________________ perspective, early patterns of adaptation evolve with structure over time and transform into higher-order functions.
Organization of development
