Chapter 2

Question 1

approach to studying disorders of childhood and adolescence that emphasizes the importance of developmental processes and tasks

Answer 1

developmental psychopathology

Question 2

approach to the prevention of disease that involves education, public policy, and similar actions to promote health

Answer 2

health promotion

Question 3

area of the brain responsible for functions underlying much of our thinking and reasoning abilities, including memory

Answer 3

frontal lobes

Question 4

assumption that abnormal child behavior is determined by both the child and his or her environment

Answer 4

interdependent

Question 5

assumption that early patterns of adaptation evolve and transform into higher-order functions in a structured manner

Answer 5

organization of development

Question 6

branch of science that investigates possible connections between a genetic predisposition and observed behavior

Answer 6

Behavioral Genetics

Question 7

child’s innate reactivity and self-regulation with respect to the domains of emotions, activity level, and attention

Answer 7

temperament

Question 8

complex interplay of nature and nurture to account for genetic and environmental influences and their timing

Answer 8

Gene-environment Interaction (GxE)

Question 9

construct to describe how people think about themselves in relation to others, and how they interpret ambiguous events

Answer 9

social cognition

Question 10

deviation from or inability to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones

Answer 10

adaptational failure

Question 11

dimension of emotional processes associated with individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience

Answer 11

emotion reactivity

Question 12

dimension of emotional processes associated with individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience

Answer 12

emotion reactivity

Question 13

enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates noticeably from the expectations of the individual’s culture

Answer 13

personality disorders

Question 14

malleable nature of the brain, evidenced throughout the course of development (use-dependent)

Answer 14

neural plasticity

Question 15

method that directly assesses the association between variations in DNA sequences and variations in particular traits

Answer 15

Molecular Genetics

Question 16

ongoing process of establishing and maintaining an emotional bond with parents or other significant caregivers

Answer 16

attachment

Question 17

path made up of clustered neurons that connect one part of the brain to another

Answer 17

brain circuit

Question 18

process by which a child’s previous experiences and interactions may spread across systems and alter development

Answer 18

developmental cascades

Question 19

process by which the subject and environment interact to contribute to the expression of a disorder

Answer 19

transaction

Question 20

set of factors that produces behavioral differences among siblings living in the same household

Answer 20

nonshared environment

Question 21

set of factors that produces similarities in developmental outcomes among siblings living in the same household

Answer 21

shared environment

Question 22

set of processes by which emotional arousal is redirected, controlled, or modified to facilitate adaptive functioning

Answer 22

emotion regulation

Question 23

set of underlying biological changes to genetic structure resulting from environmental factors, such as toxins, diet, stress

Answer 23

Epigenetic

Question 24

stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands

Answer 24

cortisol

Question 25

study of the causes of disorders

Answer 25

etiology

Question 26

theoretical approach to studying behavior interested in overt behaviors and how possible cognitive mediators may influence such behaviors

Answer 26

social learning

Question 27

theoretical position for explaining development that proposes that normal and abnormal developmental changes are gradual and quantitative

Answer 27

continuity

Question 28

theoretical position for explaining development that proposes that normal and abnormal developmental changes are abrupt and qualitative

Answer 28

discontinuity

Question 29

theory that one's behavior can be most accurately understood in context of the dynamics of their family

Answer 29

family systems

Question 30

window of time during which environmental influences on development are heightened, thus providing enhanced opportunities to learn

Answer 30

sensitive period

Question 31

They have an independent effect on the existing relationship between 2 variables by influencing the direction or strength of relationship between them. The association between the 2 variables depends on or differs as a function of them (age, sex, SES, or cultural background).

Answer 31

Moderators

Question 32

These account for some or all of the apparent relationship between 2 variables. They represent a process, mechanism, or means through which a variable produces an outcome and describe what happens at psychological or neurobiological level to explain how 1 variable results from another.

Answer 32

Mediators

Question 33

Process of assimilating/adapting to a different, receiving culture by an individual from another cultural group (usually a minority).

Answer 33

acculturation

Question 34

The ______ perspective considers brain and nervous system functions as underlying causes of psychological disorders.

Answer 34

Neurobiological

Question 35

Each person's unique genome is established at __________ and consists of approximately _____________ genes.

Answer 35

Conception; 20,000-25,000

Question 36

In males, the sex chromosome pair consists of an _____ and in females the sex chromosome pair consists of _____

Answer 36

XY and XX

Question 37

Molecular genetics research methods directly assess the association between variations in _____________.

Answer 37

DNA sequences and variations in a particular trait.

Question 38

_______ refers to individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience which provides information about an individual's level of distress and sensitivity to the environment.

Answer 38

Emotion reactivity

Question 39

What psychological theory is most associated with Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)?

Answer 39

Operant Conditioning (positive and negative reinforcement; extinction and punishment)

Question 40

British child psychiatrist ____________ integrated aspects of evolutionary biology with existing psychodynamic concepts of early experiences to develop his theory of __________________.

Answer 40

John Bowlby; attachment

Question 41

Family systems theorists argue that it is difficult to understand or predict the behavior a child without examining the influence of the other _______________.

Answer 41

Family members

Question 42

Which are the four attachment styles proposed by developmental research Mary Ainsworth (1978)?

Answer 42

Secure Insecure Disorganized

Question 43

Todays' focus on _________ encourages changes, opportunities, and competence to achieve one's health potential.

Answer 43

Health promotion

Question 44

A __________________ approach attempts to change aspects of the child's environment to improve upon specific problems.

Answer 44

Behavioral

Question 45

Within the context of the development of child problematic behaviors very few ______________________ exist.

Answer 45

cause-and-effect relationships

Question 46

_______________________ is an approach to describing and studying disorders of childhood, adolescence, and beyond.

Answer 46

Developmental psychopathology

Question 47

_______________________ is the failure to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones.

Answer 47

Adaptational failure

Question 48

In the _______________________ perspective, early patterns of adaptation evolve with structure over time and transform into higher-order functions.

Answer 48

Organization of development