CH 6. Autism Spectrum Disorder Flashcards
a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by abnormalities in social communication and unusual behaviors and interests.
Autism, or autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
A DSM-5 neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant and persistent deficits in social communication and interaction skills and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities.
Autism
A characteristic of children with autism spectrum disorder who show an anxious and obsessive insistence on the maintenance of sameness that no one but the child may disrupt. Changes in daily routine, arrangement of objects, or the wording of requests, or the sight of anything broken or incomplete will produce tantrums or despair.
preservation of sameness
A DSM-5 neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant and persistent deficits in social communication and interaction skills and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities.
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
A disorder whose symptoms, abilities, and characteristics are expressed in many different combinations and in any degree of severity.
spectrum disorder
The ability to coordinate one’s focus of attention on another person and an object of mutual interest.
joint attention
The repetition of personal pronouns exactly as heard, without changing them according to the person being referred to. For example, if asked “Are you hungry?” one might reply, “You are hungry,” rather than, “I am hungry.”
pronoun reversal
Behaviors that are characterized by their high frequency, repetition in a fixed manner, and desire for sameness in the environment.
Restricted and repetitive behaviors
The aspect of language that focuses on its appropriate use in social and communicative contexts.
pragmatics
The cognition and understanding of mental states that cannot be observed directly, such as beliefs and desires, both in one’s self and in others. Also referred to as mentalization.
theory of mind (ToM)
A child’s immediate or delayed parrot-like repetition of words or word combinations.
echolalia
Repetitive body movements or movements of objects, such as hand flapping or spinning a pencil.
Self-stimulatory behaviors
The strong tendency of humans to interpret stimuli in a relatively global way that takes the broader context into account.
central coherence
A method of teaching readiness skills or other desired behaviors that involves a step-by-step approach of presenting a stimulus and requiring a specific response.
discrete trial training
Awareness of other people’s and one’s own mental states. Also referred to as theory of mind.
mentalization
A strategy used to help children use language more appropriately. It involves a step-by-step approach that successively increases the child’s vocalizations; teaches the child to imitate sounds and words; teaches the meanings of words; and teaches the child to use language expressively to label objects, make verbal requests, and express desires. This training is often employed for children with autism.
Operant speech training
A method of teaching readiness skills or other desired behaviors that works to strengthen the behavior by capitalizing on naturally occurring opportunities.
incidental training
Disturbances in thinking involving disordered thought content and strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality.
Delusions
A form of schizophrenia spectrum disorder that involves characteristic disturbances in thinking (delusions), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behavior.
Schizophrenia
Disturbances in perception in which things are seen, heard, or otherwise sensed even though they are not real or present.
Hallucinations
A rare and possibly more severe form of schizophrenia that has an onset prior to age 18 and worse long-term outcomes.
childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS)
A model in which a genetic vulnerability and early neurodevelopmental insults result in impaired connections between many brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, white matter, hippocampus, cerebellum, and parts of the limbic system. This defective neural circuitry creates a vulnerability to dysfunction that is revealed by developmental processes and events during puberty (e.g., synaptic and hormonal changes) and by exposure to stress. The neurodevelopmental model is consistent with findings that infants and children who later develop schizophrenia often display developmental impairments in motor, language, cognitive, and social functioning well before the onset of their psychotic symptoms.
neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia
A measure of interpersonal attentional and thought disturbance observed in families of children with schizophrenia or schizotypal personality disorder. Children from families with high communication deviance show the most severe impairment and the poorest attentional functioning.
communication deviance
- Parent perceives signals from child
- Parent understands the signal meaning and what it means for child’s internal state.
- Parents responds in timely manner
Continent Communication
Contingent Communication
- Parent perceives signals from child
- Parent understands the signal meaning and what it means for child’s internal state.
- Parents responds in timely manner
