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Neuroanatomy > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurological deficits treated by PTA’s include:

A

Multiple techniques, signs & symptoms

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2
Q

Parts of Nagi disablement Model

A

Disease: (Physician) Interruption or interference with normal processes
Impairments: (PT & PTA) Anatomical physiological, mental or emotional abnormality or loss
Functional Limitations: (PT &PTA) Limitation in performance at the level of the person.
Disability: (PT & PTA) Limitation in performance of socially defined roles and tasks within the environment

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3
Q

Spasticity is?

A

Excessive muscle tone producing resistance to passive movement.
INcreased resistance to passive movement of the joint secondary to abnormal mm tone which varies with amplitude and speed of the displacement of a joint.

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4
Q

Ashworth scale to grade spasticity

A

0 None
1- catch and release or min resistance @ end range
1+catch followed by min resistance through remaining range
2- increased tone through most range but easily moved
3-considerable tone and passive range is difficult
4- Rigidity

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5
Q

Spasticity Vs Rigidity?

A

Spasticity: uni-directional velocity and amplitude dependent. Caused by: cortico-spinal tract. Example: clasp Knife
Rigidity: Bi-directional, non-velocity, non-amplitude dependent. Caused by: usually extra pyramidal origins. Example: cog-wheel

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6
Q

CNS-

A

Brain, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord

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7
Q

PNS-

A

all the components outside the cranium and spinal cord

-Divided into somatic and automatic nervous system

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8
Q

Afferent Neurons

A

Sensory: receive input from periphery of the body and transport to CNS

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9
Q

Interneurons

A

Connect neurons to other neurons

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10
Q

Efferent Neurons

A

“Exit” motor neurons transmit to mm to produce movement

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11
Q

Neuroglia

A

Non-neuronal, support other neurons

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12
Q

Astrocytes

A

Maintain capillary endothelium, vascular links to neurons

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13
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Wrap myelin sheaths around axons ( in white matter) Satellite cells produced (in gray matter) help with ion exchange between neurons

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14
Q

White matter

A

composed of axons, carry information away from cell bodies

-Found in brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

Gray matter

A

large number of nerve cell bodies and dendrites (give grayish coloration
a. covers cerebrum, called cerebral cortex
b.present deep in spinal cord
Note: cerebrum covers 2/3 of the brain mass and lies over and around most brain structures

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16
Q

Brain

A

Cerebrum divided right/left hemispheres

a. protect/ support
1. skull or cranium
2. Meninges- three layers

17
Q

Dura mater

A

Outermost layer, connects to cranium, fibrous tissue and thick

18
Q

Arachnoid

A

Middle Layer

19
Q

Pia mater

A

innermost layer; adheres to the brain itself

20
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

bathes the brain and circulates in the subarachnoid space.

21
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Primary motor cortex:
1. planning & initiation of voluntary, intentional movements.
2. Movement memory; patterned motor activity
3. Expressive Language (written and spoken)
a. Broca’s area: primary motor region for
speech

22
Q

Left hemisphere:

A

Plans mouth movements to produce speech

23
Q

Right hemisphere:

A

Nonverbal communication (gestures, tone of voice)

24
Q

Cognitive (Executive) functions of the Frontal Lobe

A 
Judgement
Self-awareness
Attention to a task
Abstract thinking
Insight
Organization
Problem solving: awareness of consequences of actions
25
Q

Parietal Lobe:

A

Primary Sensory cortex:

  1. Tactile sensation
  2. Proprioception and spatial relationships
    a. left/ right discrimination
    b. body image/body scheme
    c. location of body parts in space
  3. Interpretation of sensory input
    a. readin
    b. naming objects
    c. mathematics
26
Q

Temporal Lobe:

A
  1. Hearing
  2. Language comprehension
    a. Wernicke’s area- usually Lt. hemispheres. Allows you to hear and comprehend spoken language.
  3. Memory acquisition
27
Q

Occipital Lobe:

A

Primary visual cortex

  1. Visual field
  2. Interpretation of visual information
    a. recognition of objects, words, colors; etc.
28
Q

Internal Capsule

A

Subcortical structures
1. Corticospinal tract: travels in the posterior portion and allows information to be transmitted from cortex to brain stem and spinal cord.

29
Q

Diencephalon

A

Composed of thalamus and hypothalamus

  1. Doral colums, lateral spinothalmic, visual & auditory pathways.
  2. Relay sensory impulses (except smells) and channels them to appropriate regions
  3. Thalmus- relays motor info; pain and peripheral numbness
30
Q

Hypothalmus

A

Underneath the thalamus

  1. Regulates homeostasis
  2. Automatic functions: hunger, thrust, digestion, body temp, blood pressure, sexual activity, sleep/wake cycles.
  3. Integration: endocrine system and ANS
31
Q

Cerebellum

A
  1. Coordination of voluntary movement
    a. functions as an error-correcting mechanism by comparing the command sent from pre-central gyrus with the actual motor performance, then sending corrective feedback to various brain areas
    b. influences initiation, timing, sequencing and force generation of mm’s
32
Q

Balance

A
  • Cerebellum
  • There are multiple special tests to assess cerevellar damage
    ie: turning over of the hands in opposite directions, heel on the shin, touching nose
33
Q

Brain Stem

A
  1. Vasomotor Control ie: HR,BP
  2. Respiratory Control
  3. Arousal / Consciousness
  4. Various Reflexes ie: Coughing, sneezing, swallowing,vomiting, startle response
34
Q

Limbic System

A
  • Controls primitive emotional reactions

ie: pain, pressure, rage, affection, sexual interest, fear, sorrow and memory

35
Q

Labile

A
  • Damage to the Limbic System, causing a sudden change of emotions
36
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  1. Regulation of posture and mm tone

2. Allows for initiation of movement

Neuroanatomy (43 decks)

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