Chapter 1...pt.II

Question 1

Modularity (functional & anatomical)

Answer 1

There’s a model for each jon [occipital for vision]

• anatomical- this clump is for object perception
• func: model doesn’t have to be a church its a bunch of neutrons throughhout brain working together as functional model

Question 2

Double dissociation

Answer 2

this person lost colour but can see objects, that one is no objects but colour

Question 3

Electroencephalography

Answer 3

Pick up the signal released by dendritic field potentials (when dendrites are excited or inhibited). (good temp no good spacial)

Question 4

Magnetoencephalography

Answer 4

High temporal resolution (very fast)
(good temp no good spacial)
•Magnetic fields vary as a function of the depolarization of dendritic trees.
more accurate spatially (magnetic fields aren’t influenced by the skull the way electric signals are).

Question 5

Positron Emission Tomography

Answer 5

subtraction method, temp res bad(slow), spatial good. A radioactive isotope is injected into the bloodstream. When the isotope decays, it emits a positron. Few experimental trials because it takes a long time to scan.
•Radioactivity: dangerous to PET scan the same person too many times (can’t scan pregnant women or children).
•Only detects changes in activation, not absolute activation.

Question 6

MRI

Answer 6

3-D imaging technique

•Uses radio waves to stimulate Hydrogen nuclei into emitting a signal.

Question 7

fMRI Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Answer 7

v. good temp, increased spatial accuracy. can repeat with same patients, info about active brain area (hemoglobin gives up O2 vs hemoglobin keep O2)

Question 8

Diffuse optical tomography

Answer 8

recent, changes in blood O2 inferred sources of light that detect light changes, decrease spacial, good temp resolution, non-invasive, good for pathways. Compact low cost machine

Question 9

Excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)

Answer 9

increase the likelihood that a neuron will fire.

Influx of sodium (N+) causing a depolarization (membrane potential decreases relative to resting).

Question 10

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)

Answer 10

decrease the likelihood that a neuron will fire.

outflow of potassium (K+) causing a hyperpolarization (membrane potential increases relative to resting).

Question 11

action potentials occur

Answer 11

Permeability of the membrane changes
Sodium (Na+) flows into the fiber making the neuron more positive
Then potassium (K+) flows out of the fiber making the neuron more negative
This process travels down the axon in a propagated response