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Anatomy > Chapter 19, The Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 19, The Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are female sex cells

A

Eggs, or oocytes

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2
Q

What are the male’s primary sex organs

A

The testes

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3
Q

Where do sperm cells and male hormones form

A

Testes

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4
Q

Where are the testes housed

A

In the scrotum

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5
Q

What is the process in which sperm cells form

A

Spermatogenesis

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6
Q

What are spermatogonia

A

Spermatogenic cells that are undifferentiated in the male embryo

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7
Q

At puberty, the spermatocytes reproduce by the process called

A

Meiosis

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8
Q

What does meiosis produce in the male

A

Four sperm cells with 23 chromosomes in each of their nuclei

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9
Q

What are the male internal accessory organs

A

Two epididymides, two ducts deferentia, two ejaculatory ducts, a urethra, two seminal vesicles, and the prostate gland

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10
Q

How long are the epididymides

A

6 meters long

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11
Q

What are tightly coiled, threadlike tubes about 6 meters long

A

The epididymides

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12
Q

What is each epididymis connected to

A

Ducts within the testes

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13
Q

Immature sperm cells reaching the epididymis are _____

A

Nonmotile

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14
Q

After the sperm cells mature in the epididymis, they have the potential to do what

A

Move independently and fertilize eggs

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15
Q

When do sperm swim

A

After ejaculation

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16
Q

What are seminal vesicles

A

Saclike structures that attach to the ductus deferens

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17
Q

What do seminal vesicles do

A

Secrete a slightly alkaline fluid that contains fructose that provides energy for the sperm

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18
Q

What does the fructose that is secreted by the seminal vesicles do

A

Provides energy for the sperm

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19
Q

What does the prostate gland secrete

A

A thin, milky fluid with an alkaline pH

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20
Q

What does the fluid that the prostate gland neutralize

A

The fluid containing sperm cells, which is acidic, and the acidic excretions of the vagina

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21
Q

What is semen

A

The fluid the male urethra secretes during ejaculation

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22
Q

What does semen consist of

A

Sperm cells from the testes and the fluids from the prostate gland and seminal vesicles

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23
Q

During sexual stimulation, what kind of impulses travel from the spinal cord

A

Nerve impulses

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24
Q

What do the nerve impulses from the spinal cord release during sexual stimulation

A

Nitric oxide

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25
Q

What does the nitric oxide that is released by the nerve impulses from the spinal cord during sexual stimulation do

A

Dilates the arteries leading to the penis

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26
Q

At the same time that the arteries leading to the penis dilate during sexual stimulation, what happens to the veins of the penis

A

Increased pressure on the arteries compress the veins of the penis, reducing the flow of blood away from it

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27
Q

When blood is prevented from flowing away from the penis during sexual stimulation, what happens

A

Blood accumulates in erectile tissue and the penis swells, producing an erection

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28
Q

What is released from the penis first

A

Fluid from the prostate gland

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29
Q

What is released after the fluid from the prostate

A

The sperm cells and the fluid from the seminal vesicles

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30
Q

What secretes the hormones that control male reproductive functions

A

The hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and testes

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31
Q

What are male sex hormones

A

Androgens

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32
Q

What is the most important androgen

A

Testosterone

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33
Q

What are the causes of male infertility

A

The testes don’t descend into the scrotum, causing the higher temperatures of the body to kill the sperm
Sperm don’t produce tails

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34
Q

What are the female’s primary sex organs

A

Ovaries

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35
Q

What do the ovaries produce

A

Female sex cells and sex hormones

36
Q

Before birth, how many oocytes are produced in the embryo

A

Several million

37
Q

How do oocytes begin

A

As primordial follicles

38
Q

What is oogenesis

A

The process of egg cell formation

39
Q

Beginning at puberty, some primary oocytes are stimulated to do what

A

Continue meiosis

40
Q

When the primary oocyte divides, _____

A

One of the resulting cells is a secondary oocyte, and the other is a smaller polar body

41
Q

What is a secondary oocyte

A

A resulting cell after the primary oocyte divides

42
Q

What can the large secondary oocyte do that the other polar body cannot

A

Be fertilized by a sperm cell

43
Q

What do some of the primordial follicles do at puberty

A

Mature to form primary follicles

44
Q

How many primary follicles may begin maturing at any time?

A

20

But one follicle usually outgrows the others

45
Q

What do the 20 primary follicles develop into

A

The primary oocyte

46
Q

What happens after the follicles develop into the primary oocyte

A

The secondary oocyte and first polar body are produced

47
Q

An egg is released from the ovary in a process called what

A

Ovulation

48
Q

What happens if the oocyte isn’t fertilized within 24 hours

A

It degenerates

49
Q

Where does fertilization occur

A

In the uterine tube

50
Q

What does the uterus receive and what does it do

A

The developing embryo and keeps it for development

51
Q

What is the lower third of the uterus

A

Cervix

52
Q

The cervix extends ____

A

Downward into the upper part of the vagina

53
Q

What are the female external reproductive organs

A

The labia majora, labia minora, the clitoris, and the vestibule

54
Q

What are the external sexual organs of the female collectively called

A

The vulva

55
Q

What corresponds to the penis in males and has a similar structure

A

The clitoris

56
Q

The same process of ____ occurs in the female as in the male

A

Erection

57
Q

What stimulates enlargement of accessory organs

A

Estrogen

58
Q

What may happen to elite female athletes

A

Sometimes, they have irregular reproductive cycles that may completely stop

59
Q

If elite females have irregular reproductive females, what might this impair

A

Their ability to conceive

60
Q

Why may elite athletes not be able to conceive

A

Too little body fat

61
Q

Why can too little body fat inhibit an elite athlete’s ability to produce

A

Diminished fat reserves decreases secretion of estrogen levels
There is too little estrogen

62
Q

What is the most effective birth control

A

Abstinence

63
Q

What is the second most effective birth control

A

Oral contraceptives

64
Q

What do oral contraceptives contain

A

Synthetic estrogen and progesterone

65
Q

What do women need to get tested for periodically

A

Cervical cancer

66
Q

What is used to detect the presence of abnormal cells in the cervix

A

A pap smear

67
Q

What can women going through menopause take to replace estrogen in the body

A

Hormone replacement therapy

68
Q

How many women will develop breast cancer at some point in their life

A

1 in 8

69
Q

How many breast cancer cases are men

A

1%

70
Q

What could signal breast cancer

A

A small area of thickened tissue, a dimple, a change in contour, or a nipple that is flattened, points in an unusual direction, or produces a discharge

71
Q

How does a woman perform a monthly “breast self-exam”

A

Lies flat on back with arm raised behind her head and systematically feels all parts of each breast

72
Q

Sometimes breast cancer gives no warning at all

What are signs that may not occur until the disease has spread beyond the breast

A

Fatigue and feeling ill

73
Q

What is the next step after finding a lump in your breast

A

A physical exam

74
Q

Physical exam

A

A health-care provider examines the breast and does a mammogram

75
Q

Mammogram

A

An x-ray scan that can pinpoint the location and approximate extent of abnormal tissue

76
Q

What can an ultrasound scan distinguish

A

The difference between a cyst and a tumor

77
Q

Cyst

A

Fluid-filled sac of glandular tissue

78
Q

Tumor

A

Solid mass

79
Q

If an area of the breast is suspicious, a thin needle used to take a ____ of the tissue, whose cells will be scrutinized for cancer

A

Biopsy (sample)

80
Q

Eighty percent of the time, a breast lump is a sign of what

A

Fibrocystic breast disease, which is benign

81
Q

Benign

A

Noncancerous

82
Q

Fibroadenoma

A

A solid mass of connective tissue

83
Q

Lumpectomy

A

Removes a small tumor and some surrounding tissue

84
Q

Simple mastectomy

A

Removes a breast

85
Q

Modified radical mastectomy

A

Removes the breast and surrounding lymph nodes, but preserves the pectoral muscles

86
Q

Only ____% to _____% of all breast cancers arise from an inherited tendency

A

5-10

87
Q

What are male sex cells

A

Sperm

Anatomy (4 decks)

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