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Anatomy > Chapter 16, The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 16, The Respiratory System Flashcards

0
Q

Why does laryngitis occur

A

Inhaled vapors would cause infection or irritation in the larynx

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1
Q

When does laryngitis occur

A

When the mucous membrane of the larynx becomes inflamed and swollen

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2
Q

Laryngitis prevents what from vibrating as freely as before

A

Vocal cords

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3
Q

When can laryngitis be dangerous

A

If swollen tissues obstruct the airway and interfere with breathing

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4
Q

What tube is inserted into the trachea through the nose or mouth to restore the passageway until the inflammation subsides

A

The endotracheal tube

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5
Q

A cough can be produced through_____ _____ or may be triggered by what

A

Conscious effort

Foreign object in an air passage

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6
Q

What does coughing involve

A

Taking a deep breath, closing the glottis, and forcing air upward from the lungs against the closure

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7
Q

When the glottis is suddenly opened during coughing, a blast of air is forced upward from the ________. Usually. This rapid rush of air removes the substance that triggered the reflex

A

Lower respiratory tract

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8
Q

A _______ is much like a cough, but it clears the upper respiratory passages rather than the lower ones

A

Sneeze

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9
Q

What initiates a sneeze and in response, a blast of air is forced through what

A

A mild irritation in the lining of the nasal cavity

The glottis

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10
Q

In a sneeze, the air is directed into the nasal passages by depressing the ______, thus closing the opening between what

A

Uvula

Pharynx and oral cavity

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11
Q

A sneeze can propel a particle out of the nose at ______ miles an hour

A

200

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12
Q

What does laughing involve

A

Taking a breath and releasing it in a series of short expirations

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13
Q

Why is it important to note a person’s facial expression when trying to determine if he’s laughing or crying

A

Laughing and crying consist of very similar movements

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14
Q

What is a hiccup caused by

A

A sudden inspiration due to a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed

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15
Q

Air striking the ____ ____ caused the sound of the hiccup

A

vocal cords

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16
Q

Yawning may aid in______ by providing an occasional __ ___

A

Respiration

Deep breath

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17
Q

During normal, quiet, breathing, not all the ______ are ventilated, and some blood may pass through the lungs without becoming _____ _______

A

Alveoli

Well oxygenated

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18
Q

The low blood oxygen concentration triggers what

A

The yawn reflex

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19
Q

Tidal volume

A

TV

500 mL

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20
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

IRV

3000 mL

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21
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

ERV

1100

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22
Q

Vital capacity

A

VC
4600 mL
VC= TV+IRV+ERV

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23
Q

A progressive, degenerative disease that destroys alveolar walls

A

Emphysema

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24
Q

What is laryngitis

A

Hoarseness or lack of voice

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25
Q

As a result of emphysema, clusters of small air sacs merge to form larger chambers, which drastically decreases the ___ ____ of the respiratory membrane and thereby reducing the ___ __ ____ Thant can be exchanged through the membrane

A

Surface area

Volume of gases

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26
Q

In emphysema, alveolar walls lose some of their _____, and capillary networks associated with the alveoli ________

A

Elasticity

Diminish

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27
Q

Lung cancer, like other cancers, is the ___________ that rob normal cells of ______ and _______, eventually crowing them out

A

Uncontrolled division of abnormal cells

Nutrients and oxygen

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28
Q

Some cancerous growths on the lungs result secondarily from cancer cells that have spread (_________) from other parts of the body, such as the ______, ________, ______, or ________

A

Metastasized

Breasts, intestines, liver, or kidneys

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29
Q

Cancers that begin in the lungs are called ____ _____ ___

A

Primary pulmonary cancers

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30
Q

Primary pulmonary cancers may arise from _____, _____ ______, or ____ ______

A

Epithelia, connective tissue, or blood cells

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31
Q

The most common form of primary pulmonary cancers originates from _______ in a _____ and is called ______ _______

A

Epithelium
Bronchiole
Bronchogenic carcinoma

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32
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma is a response to ________ such as prolonged exposure to ______ _____

A

Irritation

Tobacco smoke

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33
Q

Susceptibility to primary pulmonary cancers may be _____

A

Inherited

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34
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Lowers the blood carbon dioxide level

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35
Q

Following hyperventilation, it takes _____ for carbon dioxide to rise to a level that produces an overwhelming effect on the respiratory areas

A

Longer

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36
Q

What can prolonging breath-holding cause

A

Abnormally low blood oxygen levels

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37
Q

Why shouldn’t hyperventilation be used to help hold the breath while swimming

A

Because the person could lose consciousness underwater and drown

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38
Q

The organs of the respiratory system can be divided into what two groups

A

Upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract

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39
Q

What’s in the upper respiratory tract

A

The nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

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40
Q

What’s in the lower respiratory tract

A

The larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and the lungs

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41
Q

What divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides

A

Nasal septum

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42
Q

The nasal cavity includes an extensive network of what

A

Blood vessels and mucous membranes

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43
Q

What happens when air passes over the mucous membrane

A

Heat leaves the blood and warms the air, adjusting the temperature to that of the body’s temperature

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44
Q

When is air moistened

A

When water evaporates from the mucous lining

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45
Q

What does the mucus do

A

Entraps dust particles and other small particles in the air

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46
Q

The mucus is eventually swallowed and the stomach juices destroy

A

Microorganisms in the mucus

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47
Q

Within then maxillary, frontal, and sphenoid bones of the skull lies what

A

The paranasal sinuses

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48
Q

What is another name for the pharynx

A

Throat

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49
Q

Where is the pharynx

A

Behind the oral cavity and the larynx

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50
Q

What is the pharynx

A

The passageway for food traveling from the oral cavity to the esophagus and for air passing between the nasal cavity and the larynx

51
Q

What is the larynx

A

An enlargement in the airway at the top of the trachea and below the pharynx

52
Q

What does the larynx do

A

Conducts air in and out of the trachea and prevents foreign objects from entering the trachea
Houses vocal cords

53
Q

How do you control the pitch of a sound

A

Contracting or relaxing muscles that alter the tension on the vocal cords

54
Q

How to control the intensity or loudness of a sound

A

Change of force of air passing through the vocal cords

55
Q

During normal breathing, the vocal cords are ______ and the glottis is

A

Relaxed

A triangular slit

56
Q

Glottis

A

The opening between the vocal cords

57
Q

When foods is swallowed, what happens to the glottis

A

Muscles within the false vocal cords close the glottis, which prevents food from entering the trachea

58
Q

What prevents food from entering the larynx

A

Epiglottis

59
Q

What is another word for trachea

A

Windpipe

60
Q

What does the trachea split into

A

The right and left bronchi

61
Q

What lines the trachea’s inner wall

A

A ciliated mucous membrane

62
Q

What does the mucous membrane do

A

Filters air entering the lungs

63
Q

Within the inner wall of the trachea are 20 C shaped pieces of

A

Hyaline cartilage rings

64
Q

What do the hyaline cartilage rings do

A

Keeps the trachea from collapsing

65
Q

What do alveoli provide

A

A large surface area of thin simple squamous epithelial cells through which gas can easily be exchanged

66
Q

Oxygen diffuses from the ____ into the _____ in nearby _______

A

Alveoli
Blood
Capillaries

67
Q

CO2 diffuses from the ___ into ____

A

Blood

Alveoli

68
Q

Lungs

A

Soft, spongy, cone shaped organs in the thoracic cavity

69
Q

Which lung is bigger than the other

A

The right

70
Q

How many lobes are there in the right Lung

A

3

71
Q

How Many lobes in the left lung

A

2

72
Q

What does breathing consist of

A

Inspiration or inhalation, and expiation or exhalation

73
Q

The force that moves air into the lungs

A

Atmospheric pressure due to weight of air

74
Q

If the pressure inside the lungs and alveoli decreases, atmospheric pressure will

A

Push outside air into the airways

Normal inspiration

75
Q

What does the diaphragm below the lungs do when the thoracic cavity enlarges

A

Contracts or moves downward

76
Q

What happens to air when the thoracic cavity enlarges

A

It’s forced into the airways

77
Q

While the diaphragm is contracting and moving downward, what happens

A

The external (inspiratory) intercostal muscles between the ribs may be stimulated to contract

78
Q

Surface tension can make it difficult to _____ the alveoli and cause cause them to _____

A

Inflate

Collapse

79
Q

What is very important in the mins after birth

A

Surfactant

80
Q

What do premies often suffer from? Why

A

Respiratory distress syndrome

Bc not enough surfactant is being produced

81
Q

Where do the forces of expiration come from

A

The elastic recoil of tissues and from surface tension

82
Q

What do the lungs and thoracic walls contain

A

Lots of elastic tissue

83
Q

What does the elastic tissue do

A

Stretches with lung expansion during inspiration

84
Q

As the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax following inspiration, the _____ _______ cause the lungs and ______ ______ to recoil and return to their original shape

A

Elastic tissues

Thoracic cage

85
Q

Respiratory cycle

A

One inspiration plus the following expiration

86
Q

Tidal volume

A

The volume of air that enters or leaves during a single respiratory cycle

87
Q

Ordinary air is about ____ percent oxygen and _____ percent nitrogen

A

21

78

88
Q

Almost all oxygen that is transported by blood binds to the ______ in red blood cells. The remainder is dissolved in_______

A

Hemoglobin

Plasma

89
Q

How can a person increase breath holding time

A

By breathing rapidly and deeply in advance

90
Q

Interference with the oxygen supply to the brain causes_____

A

Fainting

91
Q

A person who is emotionally upset may Hyperventilate, become dizzy, and lose consciousness.
This is caused by lower____ _____ ______ followed by a rise in pH (or __ ___), a localized vasoconstriction of ____ arterioles, and resulting in a decreased blood flow to nearby___ cells

A

carbon dioxide concentration
Respiratory alkalosis
Cerebral
Brain

92
Q

A person who is emotionally upset may

A

Hyperventilate, become dizzy, and lose consciousness

93
Q

Coughing, sneezing, laughing, yawning, and hiccups are

A

Nonrespiratory movements

94
Q

The pharynx is the cavity behind the mouth, extending from the ____ ___ to the ____

A

Oral cavity

Esophagus

95
Q

The pharynx is the cavity behind the mouth, extending from the ____ ___ to the ____

A

Oral cavity

Esophagus

96
Q

The pharynx is the cavity behind the mouth, extending from the ____ ___ to the ____

A

Oral cavity

Esophagus

97
Q

The portions of the larynx that prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea

A

Glottis and epiglottis

98
Q

The portions of the larynx that prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea

A

Glottis and epiglottis

99
Q

The portions of the larynx that prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea

A

Glottis and epiglottis

100
Q

The trachea is maintained in an open position

A

Cartilaginous rings

101
Q

The trachea is maintained in an open position

A

Cartilaginous rings

102
Q

The trachea is maintained in an open position

A

Cartilaginous rings

103
Q

The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are the

A

Alveolar ducts

104
Q

The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are the

A

Alveolar ducts

105
Q

The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are the

A

Alveolar ducts

106
Q

The right lung is _____ than the left lung

A

Larger

107
Q

The right lung is _____ than the left lung

A

Larger

108
Q

The right lung is _____ than the left lung

A

Larger

109
Q

The pressure in the thoracic cavity during inspiration is

A

Less than atmospheric pressure

110
Q

The pressure in the thoracic cavity during inspiration is

A

Less than atmospheric pressure

111
Q

The pressure in the thoracic cavity during inspiration is

A

Less than atmospheric pressure

112
Q

Inspiration occurs after the diaphragm _____, thus ______ the size of the thorax and ______ the pressure within the thorax

A

Contracts
Increasing
Decreasing

113
Q

Inspiration occurs after the diaphragm _____, thus ______ the size of the thorax and ______ the pressure within the thorax

A

Contracts
Increasing
Decreasing

114
Q

Inspiration occurs after the diaphragm _____, thus ______ the size of the thorax and ______ the pressure within the thorax

A

Contracts
Increasing
Decreasing

115
Q

The other muscles that normally act to change the size of the thorax

A

Intercostals

116
Q

The other muscles that normally act to change the size of the thorax

A

Intercostals

117
Q

The other muscles that normally act to change the size of the thorax

A

Intercostals

118
Q

Expansion of the lungs during inspiration is assisted by the surface tension of fluid in the

A

Pleural cavity

119
Q

Expansion of the lungs during inspiration is assisted by the surface tension of fluid in the

A

Pleural cavity

120
Q

The surface tension of fluid in the alveoli is decreased by the secretion ______, which prevents collapse of the alveoli

A

Surfactant

121
Q

The surface tension of fluid in the alveoli is decreased by the secretion ______, which prevents collapse of the alveoli

A

Surfactant

122
Q

The disease that results in decreased surface area of the respiratory membrane and loss of elasticity in the alveolar walls is

A

Emphysema

123
Q

The force responsible for expiration comes mainly from

A

Change in the surface tension within alveoli
Elastic recoil of tissues in the lung and thoracic wall
Contraction of abdominal muscle to push the diaphragm upward

124
Q

The amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs during a normal, quiet respiration is the

A

Tidal volume

Anatomy (4 decks)

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