Chapter 15, Digestive System and Nutrition Flashcards
What do the accessory organs of the digestive system secrete
Substances used in the process of digestion
What is the innermost layer of the alimentary canal
Mucosa or mucus membrane
What does the mucosa or mucous membrane do
Protects the tissue beneath it and carries on secretion and absorption
Secretes substances used in the process of digestion
What does submucosa consist of
Glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
What does submucosa do
Nourishes surrounding tissue and carries away absorbed materials
What does the muscular layer produce
Movement of the tube
What happens when smooth muscle in the muscular layer contracts
The tube’s diameter decreases
What is the outer covering of the tube
Serosa or serous layer
What does the serosa or serous layer secrete
Serous fluid
What does the serous fluid, which is secreted by the serous layer, do
Moistens and lubricates the tube’s outer surface
What are the four layers of the alimentary canal?
Mucosa/ mucus membrane
Submucosa
Muscular
Serosa/ serous layer
What are the two motor functions of the alimentary canal
Mixing movements and propelling movements
When do mixing movements occur
When the stomach is full and waves of muscular contractions move along the wall from end to end
What do the waves of muscular contractions that move along the wall in mixing movements do
Mix food with digestive juices
What do propelling movements include
Wavelike motions called peristalsis
What happens in peristalsis
A ring of contractions appears in the wall and the muscular contractions push food down the tube
A ring of contractions appears in the wall and the muscular contractions push food down the tube
Peristalsis
What surrounds the mouth
Lips, cheeks, tongue, and palate
What does the mouth include
A chamber between the palate and tongue called the oral cavity
What does the palate form
The roof of the mouth of the oral cavity
Palatine tonsils
Masses of lymphatic tissue
A common site of infection
Where are the palatine tonsils
In the back of the mouth
On either side of the tongue
What can the palatine tonsils interfere with when swollen
Swallowing and breathing
How do blood vessels and nerves reach the dentin in the teeth
Through tubular root canals extending into the root
What is the function of the incisor
Bite off pieces of food
What are the types of teeth
Incisor (central, lateral)
Canine/cuspid
Premolar/bicuspid (first, second)
Molar (first, second, third)
What is the function of the canine/cuspid
Grasp and tear food
What is the function of the premolar/bicuspid
Grind food particles
What is the function of the molar
Grind food particles
Bites of pieces of food
Incisor
Grasps and tears food
Canine (cuspid)
Grind food particles
Premolar (bicuspid)
grind food particles
Molar
What does saliva do
Moistens food particles, helps bind them, begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates, dissolves food so it can be tasted
Salivary amylase
An enzyme that splits starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides
What is the first step in the digestion of carbohydrates
The splitting of starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides by salivary amylase
How many stages does swallowing have
3
What is the first stage in swallowing
The tongue rolls the mixture of food and saliva into a bolus and forces it into the pharynx
What is the second stage in swallowing
The food is swallowed by a reflex
What is the last step in swallowing
Food is transported in the esophagus to the stomach by peristalsis
What are the 4 regions of the stomach
The cardiac, fundic, body, and the pyloric regions
Where is the cardiac region of the stomach
The small area near the esophageal opening
What is the function of the fundic region
A temporary storage area
Where is the body region of the stomach
The main part of the stomach and lies between the fundic and pyloric regions
How many types of gastric cells are secreted in the gastric glands in the stomach
3
What do the chief cells secrete
Digestive enzymes
What do the parietal cells secrete
Hydrochloric acid
What do the gastric cells, chief cells, and parietal cells collectively secrete
Gastric juices
What is the most important gastric juice
Pepsin
What is the function of pepsin
It begins the digestion of all types of proteins
How many hours may fatty foods remain in the stomach
From 3-6 hours
What passes through the stomach the fastest
Carbs
What passes through the stomach less quickly than carbs but more quickly than fats
Proteins
What kind of impulse travels from the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata in the brain
Sensory
The sensory impulse travels from the vomiting center in the ____________ in the brain
Medulla oblongata
When can a hiatal hernia form
When a portion of the stomach protrudes through a weakened area of the diaphragm
What protrudes through what in a hiatal hernia
Stomach protrudes through a weakened area of the diaphragm
A portion of the stomach protrudes through a weakened area of the diaphragm
Hiatal hernia
What stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice
Secretin
What does secretin stimulate
The secretion of pancreatic juice
What does the liver convert
Noncarbohydrates to glucose
What does the liver metabolize
Proteins
What does the liver store
Vitamins A, D, and B12
What does the liver filter
Blood
What does the liver remove
Damaged red blood cells
What does the liver secrete
Bile
What does bile contain
bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and electrolytes
Of the substances bile contains, which is the most abundant
Bile salts
What do bile salts do
Aid in digestion by dissolving (emulsifying) fat
What is the main function of bile
Digests fats
What is the skin condition that turns the skin yellow
Jaundice
What causes jaundice
A buildup of bile pigments
How are gallstones formed
They are crystals formed when cholesterol in bile precipitates
What happens if gallstones enter the bile duct
May block bile flow into the small intestine and cause pain
What is the surgical procedure that removes the gallbladder when gallstones are obstructive
Cholecystectomy
What is the tool used in a cholecystectomy
A laparoscope
How does Hepatitis B spread
By contact with virus-containing body fluids such as blood, saliva, or semen. It may be transmitted by blood transfusions, needles, of sexual activity
__________________ accounts for half of all known cases of hepatitis
Hepatitis C
How is Hepatitis C transmitted
In blood by sharing needles, razors, blood transfusions, or pregnant women to the fetus
What is the major mixing movement in the small intestines
Segmentation
Small, ringlike contractions occur periodically, cutting chyme into segments
Segmentation
What is cut into segments in the process of segmentation in the small intestines
Chyme
What does segmentation slow down
The movement through the small intestines
When does malabsorption occur
When the small intestines digests but does not absorb some nutrients
A condition in which the small intestines digests but does not absorb some nutrients
Malabsorption
What are the symptoms of malabsorption
Diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, anemia, and vitamin deficiencies
What does the proximal half of the large intestines do
Absorbs water and electrolytes from chyme
What does the distal part of the large intestines do
Forms and stores feces
What does the large intestines consist of
Cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal
What are hemorrhoids
Enlarged and inflamed rectal veins in the anal column
Enlarged and inflamed rectal veins in the anal column
Hemorrhoids
What do hemorrhoids cause
Itching, sharp pain, and sometimes bleeding
What is included in feces
Materials that were not digested or absorbed, plus water, electrolytes, mucus, and bacteria
Feces is usually about _____ percent water
75
What do feces get their color from
Bile pigments altered by bacterial action
What does the digestive system consist of
The alimentary canal extending from the mouth to the anus and several accessory organs
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and the absorption of the resulting nutrients by cells
Digestion
The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and large and small intestines make up the _________ __________ of the digestive system
Alimentary canal
The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are considered __________ _________
Accessory organs
The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are considered __________ _________
Accessory organs
The layer of the wall of the alimentary canal that is formed of surface epithelium and protects underlying tissue while carrying on absorption and secretion is the _____
Mucosa
The layer of the wall of the alimentary canal that is formed of surface epithelium and protects underlying tissue while carrying on absorption and secretion is the _____
Mucosa
The layer of the alimentary tube that keeps the outer surface of the alimentary tube moist and slippery
Serosa
The layer of the alimentary tube that keeps the outer surface of the alimentary tube moist and slippery
Serosa
The two basic types of movement of the alimentary canal are ____ movements and _____movements
Mixing and propelling
The two basic types of movement of the alimentary canal are ____ movements and _____movements
Mixing and propelling
The material that coves the crown of the teeth
Enamel
The material that coves the crown of the teeth
Enamel
Chisel-shaped teeth whose function is to bite off pieces of food
Incisors
Chisel-shaped teeth whose function is to bite off pieces of food
Incisors
Stimulation of salivary glands by parasympathetic nerves will ____production of saliva
Increase
Stimulation of salivary glands by parasympathetic nerves will ____production of saliva
Increase
When food enters the esophagus, it is transported to the stomach by a movement called
Peristalsis
When food enters the esophagus, it is transported to the stomach by a movement called
Peristalsis
The area of the stomach that acts as a temporary storage area
Fundic region
The area of the stomach that acts as a temporary storage area
Fundic region
The chief cells of the gastric glands secrete
Digestive enzymes
The chief cells of the gastric glands secrete
Digestive enzymes
The digestive enzyme pepsin secreted by gastric glands begins the digestion of
Protein
The digestive enzyme pepsin secreted by gastric glands begins the digestion of
Protein
The intrinsic factor secreted by the stomach aids in the absorption of ____ ___ from the small intestine
Vitamin b12
The intrinsic factor secreted by the stomach aids in the absorption of ____ ___ from the small intestine
Vitamin b12
The presence of food in the small intestine _____ gastric secretion
Inhibits
The presence of food in the small intestine _____ gastric secretion
Inhibits
The semifluid paste formed in the stomach by mixing food and gastric secretions is _____
Chyme
The semifluid paste formed in the stomach by mixing food and gastric secretions is _____
Chyme
The foods that stay in the stomach the longest are high in
Fats
The foods that stay in the stomach the longest are high in
Fats
The liver is located in the _____ _____ quadrant of the abdomen
Upper right
The liver is located in the _____ _____ quadrant of the abdomen
Upper right
The liver’s most vital functions are related to metabolism of
Protein
The liver’s most vital functions are related to metabolism of
Protein
The only substance in bile that has a digestive function is
Bile salt
The only substance in bile that has a digestive function is
Bile salt
The functions of the gallbladder on worksheet
Store, secrete, concentrate bile
The functions of the gallbladder on worksheet
Store, secrete, concentrate bile
Functions of bile worksheet
Emulsification of fat globules, absorption of fats, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
Functions of bile worksheet
Emulsification of fat globules, absorption of fats, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
The velvety appearance of the lining of the small intestine is due to the presence of
Villi
The velvety appearance of the lining of the small intestine is due to the presence of
Villi
The small intestine absorbs ______ of the products of digestion
Most
The small intestine absorbs ______ of the products of digestion
Most
Digestive enzymes and mucus are secreted by
Small intestine
Digestive enzymes and mucus are secreted by
Small intestine
The small intestine joins the large intestine at the
Cecum
The small intestine joins the large intestine at the
Cecum
The only significant secretion of the large intestine
Mucus
The only significant secretion of the large intestine
Mucus
The only nutrients normally absorbed in the large intestine are _____ and _______
Water, electrolytes
The only nutrients normally absorbed in the large intestine are _____ and _______
Water, electrolytes
The most abundant substance in feces is
Water
The most abundant substance in feces is
Water
Nutrients such as amino acids and fatty acids, that are necessary for health but cannot by synthesized in adequate amounts by the body are called
Essential nutrients
Nutrients such as amino acids and fatty acids, that are necessary for health but cannot by synthesized in adequate amounts by the body are called
Essential nutrients
Carbohydrates are ingested in such foods as
Meat and seafood
Bread and pasta
Carbohydrates are ingested in such foods as
Meat and seafood
Bread and pasta
