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Anatomy > Chapter 15, Digestive System and Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 15, Digestive System and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What do the accessory organs of the digestive system secrete

A

Substances used in the process of digestion

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2
Q

What is the innermost layer of the alimentary canal

A

Mucosa or mucus membrane

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3
Q

What does the mucosa or mucous membrane do

A

Protects the tissue beneath it and carries on secretion and absorption
Secretes substances used in the process of digestion

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4
Q

What does submucosa consist of

A

Glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

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5
Q

What does submucosa do

A

Nourishes surrounding tissue and carries away absorbed materials

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6
Q

What does the muscular layer produce

A

Movement of the tube

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7
Q

What happens when smooth muscle in the muscular layer contracts

A

The tube’s diameter decreases

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8
Q

What is the outer covering of the tube

A

Serosa or serous layer

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9
Q

What does the serosa or serous layer secrete

A

Serous fluid

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10
Q

What does the serous fluid, which is secreted by the serous layer, do

A

Moistens and lubricates the tube’s outer surface

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11
Q

What are the four layers of the alimentary canal?

A

Mucosa/ mucus membrane
Submucosa
Muscular
Serosa/ serous layer

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12
Q

What are the two motor functions of the alimentary canal

A

Mixing movements and propelling movements

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13
Q

When do mixing movements occur

A

When the stomach is full and waves of muscular contractions move along the wall from end to end

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14
Q

What do the waves of muscular contractions that move along the wall in mixing movements do

A

Mix food with digestive juices

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15
Q

What do propelling movements include

A

Wavelike motions called peristalsis

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16
Q

What happens in peristalsis

A

A ring of contractions appears in the wall and the muscular contractions push food down the tube

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17
Q

A ring of contractions appears in the wall and the muscular contractions push food down the tube

A

Peristalsis

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18
Q

What surrounds the mouth

A

Lips, cheeks, tongue, and palate

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19
Q

What does the mouth include

A

A chamber between the palate and tongue called the oral cavity

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20
Q

What does the palate form

A

The roof of the mouth of the oral cavity

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21
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

Masses of lymphatic tissue

A common site of infection

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22
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils

A

In the back of the mouth

On either side of the tongue

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23
Q

What can the palatine tonsils interfere with when swollen

A

Swallowing and breathing

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24
Q

How do blood vessels and nerves reach the dentin in the teeth

A

Through tubular root canals extending into the root

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25
Q

What is the function of the incisor

A

Bite off pieces of food

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26
Q

What are the types of teeth

A

Incisor (central, lateral)
Canine/cuspid
Premolar/bicuspid (first, second)
Molar (first, second, third)

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27
Q

What is the function of the canine/cuspid

A

Grasp and tear food

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28
Q

What is the function of the premolar/bicuspid

A

Grind food particles

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29
Q

What is the function of the molar

A

Grind food particles

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30
Q

Bites of pieces of food

A

Incisor

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31
Q

Grasps and tears food

A

Canine (cuspid)

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32
Q

Grind food particles

A

Premolar (bicuspid)

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33
Q

grind food particles

A

Molar

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34
Q

What does saliva do

A

Moistens food particles, helps bind them, begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates, dissolves food so it can be tasted

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35
Q

Salivary amylase

A

An enzyme that splits starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides

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36
Q

What is the first step in the digestion of carbohydrates

A

The splitting of starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides by salivary amylase

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37
Q

How many stages does swallowing have

A

3

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38
Q

What is the first stage in swallowing

A

The tongue rolls the mixture of food and saliva into a bolus and forces it into the pharynx

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39
Q

What is the second stage in swallowing

A

The food is swallowed by a reflex

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40
Q

What is the last step in swallowing

A

Food is transported in the esophagus to the stomach by peristalsis

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41
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach

A

The cardiac, fundic, body, and the pyloric regions

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42
Q

Where is the cardiac region of the stomach

A

The small area near the esophageal opening

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43
Q

What is the function of the fundic region

A

A temporary storage area

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44
Q

Where is the body region of the stomach

A

The main part of the stomach and lies between the fundic and pyloric regions

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45
Q

How many types of gastric cells are secreted in the gastric glands in the stomach

A

3

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46
Q

What do the chief cells secrete

A

Digestive enzymes

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47
Q

What do the parietal cells secrete

A

Hydrochloric acid

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48
Q

What do the gastric cells, chief cells, and parietal cells collectively secrete

A

Gastric juices

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49
Q

What is the most important gastric juice

A

Pepsin

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50
Q

What is the function of pepsin

A

It begins the digestion of all types of proteins

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51
Q

How many hours may fatty foods remain in the stomach

A

From 3-6 hours

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52
Q

What passes through the stomach the fastest

A

Carbs

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53
Q

What passes through the stomach less quickly than carbs but more quickly than fats

A

Proteins

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54
Q

What kind of impulse travels from the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata in the brain

A

Sensory

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55
Q

The sensory impulse travels from the vomiting center in the ____________ in the brain

A

Medulla oblongata

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56
Q

When can a hiatal hernia form

A

When a portion of the stomach protrudes through a weakened area of the diaphragm

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57
Q

What protrudes through what in a hiatal hernia

A

Stomach protrudes through a weakened area of the diaphragm

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58
Q

A portion of the stomach protrudes through a weakened area of the diaphragm

A

Hiatal hernia

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59
Q

What stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice

A

Secretin

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60
Q

What does secretin stimulate

A

The secretion of pancreatic juice

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61
Q

What does the liver convert

A

Noncarbohydrates to glucose

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62
Q

What does the liver metabolize

A

Proteins

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63
Q

What does the liver store

A

Vitamins A, D, and B12

64
Q

What does the liver filter

A

Blood

65
Q

What does the liver remove

A

Damaged red blood cells

66
Q

What does the liver secrete

A

Bile

67
Q

What does bile contain

A

bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and electrolytes

68
Q

Of the substances bile contains, which is the most abundant

A

Bile salts

69
Q

What do bile salts do

A

Aid in digestion by dissolving (emulsifying) fat

70
Q

What is the main function of bile

A

Digests fats

71
Q

What is the skin condition that turns the skin yellow

A

Jaundice

72
Q

What causes jaundice

A

A buildup of bile pigments

73
Q

How are gallstones formed

A

They are crystals formed when cholesterol in bile precipitates

74
Q

What happens if gallstones enter the bile duct

A

May block bile flow into the small intestine and cause pain

75
Q

What is the surgical procedure that removes the gallbladder when gallstones are obstructive

A

Cholecystectomy

76
Q

What is the tool used in a cholecystectomy

A

A laparoscope

77
Q

How does Hepatitis B spread

A

By contact with virus-containing body fluids such as blood, saliva, or semen. It may be transmitted by blood transfusions, needles, of sexual activity

78
Q

__________________ accounts for half of all known cases of hepatitis

A

Hepatitis C

79
Q

How is Hepatitis C transmitted

A

In blood by sharing needles, razors, blood transfusions, or pregnant women to the fetus

80
Q

What is the major mixing movement in the small intestines

A

Segmentation

81
Q

Small, ringlike contractions occur periodically, cutting chyme into segments

A

Segmentation

82
Q

What is cut into segments in the process of segmentation in the small intestines

A

Chyme

83
Q

What does segmentation slow down

A

The movement through the small intestines

84
Q

When does malabsorption occur

A

When the small intestines digests but does not absorb some nutrients

85
Q

A condition in which the small intestines digests but does not absorb some nutrients

A

Malabsorption

86
Q

What are the symptoms of malabsorption

A

Diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, anemia, and vitamin deficiencies

87
Q

What does the proximal half of the large intestines do

A

Absorbs water and electrolytes from chyme

88
Q

What does the distal part of the large intestines do

A

Forms and stores feces

89
Q

What does the large intestines consist of

A

Cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

90
Q

What are hemorrhoids

A

Enlarged and inflamed rectal veins in the anal column

91
Q

Enlarged and inflamed rectal veins in the anal column

A

Hemorrhoids

92
Q

What do hemorrhoids cause

A

Itching, sharp pain, and sometimes bleeding

93
Q

What is included in feces

A

Materials that were not digested or absorbed, plus water, electrolytes, mucus, and bacteria

94
Q

Feces is usually about _____ percent water

A

75

95
Q

What do feces get their color from

A

Bile pigments altered by bacterial action

96
Q

What does the digestive system consist of

A

The alimentary canal extending from the mouth to the anus and several accessory organs

96
Q

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and the absorption of the resulting nutrients by cells

A

Digestion

97
Q

The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and large and small intestines make up the _________ __________ of the digestive system

A

Alimentary canal

98
Q

The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are considered __________ _________

A

Accessory organs

98
Q

The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are considered __________ _________

A

Accessory organs

99
Q

The layer of the wall of the alimentary canal that is formed of surface epithelium and protects underlying tissue while carrying on absorption and secretion is the _____

A

Mucosa

99
Q

The layer of the wall of the alimentary canal that is formed of surface epithelium and protects underlying tissue while carrying on absorption and secretion is the _____

A

Mucosa

100
Q

The layer of the alimentary tube that keeps the outer surface of the alimentary tube moist and slippery

A

Serosa

100
Q

The layer of the alimentary tube that keeps the outer surface of the alimentary tube moist and slippery

A

Serosa

101
Q

The two basic types of movement of the alimentary canal are ____ movements and _____movements

A

Mixing and propelling

101
Q

The two basic types of movement of the alimentary canal are ____ movements and _____movements

A

Mixing and propelling

102
Q

The material that coves the crown of the teeth

A

Enamel

102
Q

The material that coves the crown of the teeth

A

Enamel

103
Q

Chisel-shaped teeth whose function is to bite off pieces of food

A

Incisors

103
Q

Chisel-shaped teeth whose function is to bite off pieces of food

A

Incisors

104
Q

Stimulation of salivary glands by parasympathetic nerves will ____production of saliva

A

Increase

104
Q

Stimulation of salivary glands by parasympathetic nerves will ____production of saliva

A

Increase

105
Q

When food enters the esophagus, it is transported to the stomach by a movement called

A

Peristalsis

105
Q

When food enters the esophagus, it is transported to the stomach by a movement called

A

Peristalsis

106
Q

The area of the stomach that acts as a temporary storage area

A

Fundic region

106
Q

The area of the stomach that acts as a temporary storage area

A

Fundic region

107
Q

The chief cells of the gastric glands secrete

A

Digestive enzymes

107
Q

The chief cells of the gastric glands secrete

A

Digestive enzymes

108
Q

The digestive enzyme pepsin secreted by gastric glands begins the digestion of

A

Protein

108
Q

The digestive enzyme pepsin secreted by gastric glands begins the digestion of

A

Protein

109
Q

The intrinsic factor secreted by the stomach aids in the absorption of ____ ___ from the small intestine

A

Vitamin b12

109
Q

The intrinsic factor secreted by the stomach aids in the absorption of ____ ___ from the small intestine

A

Vitamin b12

110
Q

The presence of food in the small intestine _____ gastric secretion

A

Inhibits

110
Q

The presence of food in the small intestine _____ gastric secretion

A

Inhibits

111
Q

The semifluid paste formed in the stomach by mixing food and gastric secretions is _____

A

Chyme

111
Q

The semifluid paste formed in the stomach by mixing food and gastric secretions is _____

A

Chyme

112
Q

The foods that stay in the stomach the longest are high in

A

Fats

112
Q

The foods that stay in the stomach the longest are high in

A

Fats

113
Q

The liver is located in the _____ _____ quadrant of the abdomen

A

Upper right

113
Q

The liver is located in the _____ _____ quadrant of the abdomen

A

Upper right

114
Q

The liver’s most vital functions are related to metabolism of

A

Protein

114
Q

The liver’s most vital functions are related to metabolism of

A

Protein

115
Q

The only substance in bile that has a digestive function is

A

Bile salt

115
Q

The only substance in bile that has a digestive function is

A

Bile salt

116
Q

The functions of the gallbladder on worksheet

A

Store, secrete, concentrate bile

116
Q

The functions of the gallbladder on worksheet

A

Store, secrete, concentrate bile

117
Q

Functions of bile worksheet

A

Emulsification of fat globules, absorption of fats, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

117
Q

Functions of bile worksheet

A

Emulsification of fat globules, absorption of fats, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

118
Q

The velvety appearance of the lining of the small intestine is due to the presence of

A

Villi

118
Q

The velvety appearance of the lining of the small intestine is due to the presence of

A

Villi

119
Q

The small intestine absorbs ______ of the products of digestion

A

Most

119
Q

The small intestine absorbs ______ of the products of digestion

A

Most

120
Q

Digestive enzymes and mucus are secreted by

A

Small intestine

120
Q

Digestive enzymes and mucus are secreted by

A

Small intestine

121
Q

The small intestine joins the large intestine at the

A

Cecum

121
Q

The small intestine joins the large intestine at the

A

Cecum

122
Q

The only significant secretion of the large intestine

A

Mucus

122
Q

The only significant secretion of the large intestine

A

Mucus

123
Q

The only nutrients normally absorbed in the large intestine are _____ and _______

A

Water, electrolytes

123
Q

The only nutrients normally absorbed in the large intestine are _____ and _______

A

Water, electrolytes

124
Q

The most abundant substance in feces is

A

Water

124
Q

The most abundant substance in feces is

A

Water

125
Q

Nutrients such as amino acids and fatty acids, that are necessary for health but cannot by synthesized in adequate amounts by the body are called

A

Essential nutrients

125
Q

Nutrients such as amino acids and fatty acids, that are necessary for health but cannot by synthesized in adequate amounts by the body are called

A

Essential nutrients

126
Q

Carbohydrates are ingested in such foods as

A

Meat and seafood

Bread and pasta

126
Q

Carbohydrates are ingested in such foods as

A

Meat and seafood

Bread and pasta

Anatomy (4 decks)

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