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KIN Exam 4 > Chapter 19 - The Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 19 - The Heart Flashcards

0
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Right side receives oxygen poor blood from body and pumps it to lungs
Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs

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1
Q

The Heart

A 
Is a muscular double pump with two functions
pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit
atria
ventricles
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2
Q

Systemic circuit

A

left side reveives oxygen rich blood from lungs and pumps it to body
Vessels that transport blood to and from body tissues

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3
Q

Atria

A

Receiving chambers of heart (2)

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4
Q

Ventricles

A

pumping chambers of heart (2)

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5
Q

Location/Orientation of Heart

A

Weights < 1 pounds
Thorax, posterior to sternum, superior surface of diaphragm
Specifically located in the mediastinum (region between the lungs/pleural cavities)
Oblique position
Apex (point) is left of the midline and anterior to the rest of the heart
Base is broad posterior surface

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6
Q

Structure of the Heart

A

Coverings

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7
Q

Coverings

A

Pericardium

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8
Q

Pericardium

A

3 layered sac that encloses the heart
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium

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9
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Outer layer (dense CT)

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10
Q

Serous pericardium

A 
Deeper 2 layers
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium) 
pericardial cavity
pericarditis
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11
Q

Parietal layer of serous pericardium

A

Adheres to surface of fibrous pericardium

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12
Q

Visceral layer of serous pericardium/epicardium

A

lies on the heart; is considered part of the heart wall

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13
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Lies between the two layers, contains serous fluid

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14
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

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15
Q

Layers of the Heart Wall

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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16
Q

Epicardium

A

Superficial layer (aka visceral layer of serous pericardium), serous membrane

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17
Q

Myocardium

A

cardiac muscle, contracts

Cells are arranged in circular/spiral networks called bundles

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18
Q

Endocardium

A

Sheet of endothelium resting on thin CT layer, lines the chambers and covers the valves

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19
Q

Chambers of the Heart

A

4 chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricles

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20
Q

Atria

A

Blood comes into heart via atria
Walls are thinner than ventricles
Contract and push blood into ventricles simultaneously
Separated by interatrial septum (not permeable)

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21
Q

Ventricles

A 
Are thicker (especially left side)
Separated by interventricular septum
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22
Q

Right Atrium

A

Receives systemic oxygen poor blood via three veins: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
Opens into right ventricle via tricuspid valve (aka right AV valve)

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23
Q

Right auricle (external)

A

Flap that projects to the left

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24
Q

2 portions of internal atrium

A

Posterior part
Anterior part

Separated by crista terminalis

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25
Q

Posterior part of internal atrium

A

has smooth walls

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26
Q

Anterior part of internal atrium

A

has pectinate muscles

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27
Q

Crista terminalis

A

C-shaped ridge important for locating sites where veins enter

28
Q

Right Ventricle

A

Receives blood from right atrium and pumps it to lungs via pulmonary trunk then arteries
Forms most of anterior surface of heart (external)

29
Q

Internal structures of Right Ventricle

A

Trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscles
Chordae tendineae

30
Q

Trabeculae carneae

A

muscle ridges

31
Q

Papillary muscles

A

cone-shaped muscles that project from wall

32
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

Project superiorly from papillary muscles to valve flaps of tricuspid valve

33
Q

Valve between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve (aka pulmonary valve)

34
Q

Left Atrium

A

Makes up most of base, receives oxygen rich blood from lungs via pulmonary veins (2 on right, 2 on left)
Auricle is external on anterior side
Pectinate muscles line auricle only; rest of inside is smooth
Opens into left ventricle via the mitral (bicuspid) valvue (left AV valve)

35
Q

Left Ventricle

A

Forms apex of heart, pumps blood systemically
SImilar to right ventricle, with trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
Sends blood to body via aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve)

36
Q

Valves of the Heart

A 
AV valves (atrioventricular)
Semilunar valves

Function: to prevent backflow of blood

37
Q

AV valves

A

Between atria and ventricles (there are 2)
Right side valve is known as tricuspid or right AV
Left side is known as bicuspid, left AV, or mitral

38
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Both have 3 cusps
Between ventricles and vessels leaving the heart (arteries)
Right side is between right ventricle and pulmonary artery (right semilunar or pulmonary valve)
Left side is between left ventricle and aorta (called left semilunar or aortic valve)

39
Q

Contraction

A

systole

40
Q

Relaxtion

A

Diastole

41
Q

Heartbeat

A

atrial contraction followed by ventricle contraction

42
Q

Lub

A

closing of AV valves at beginning of ventricular systole

43
Q

Dup

A

closing of semilunar valves at end of ventricular systole

44
Q

Blood Flow through the Heart

A 
SVC/IVC/Coronary sinus
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary trunk
Lungs
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Mitral Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta
Body
SVC/IVC/Coronary Sinus
45
Q

Fibrous Skeleton

A 
Made of dense CT
Anchors valve cusps
Prevents valves from opening too far
Muscle insertion for cardiac bundles
Blocks spread of electrical impulses directly from atria to ventricles
46
Q

Electrical COnduction

A

Measure by EKG

Cardiac cells have ability to contract on their own, but signal usually starts with the pacemaker (SA node)

47
Q

Conduction pathway

A 
SA node
Internodal pathway
AV node
Atrioventricular bundle 
Left/Right bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
48
Q

SA node

A

sinoatrial
Considered the pacemakes, beats 70-80 bpm
Located in superior/posterior wall of right atrium
Produces signal that spreads electrical impulse across both atria
Valves are open

49
Q

Internodal Pathway

A

Some impulses spread through this area on the way to AV node

50
Q

AV node

A

atrioventricular
Located at inferior aspect of interatrial septum
Delays impulse so that atria contract first and ventricles finish filling

51
Q

Atrioventricular bundle

A

Located in interventricular septum (top)

52
Q

Left/Right bundle branches

A

Branches from atrioventricular bundle, take signal to apex of hearth

53
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Approach apex and turn into ventricular walls, located in between endocardium and myocardium
Are special cells (Purkinje myocytes) that maximize signal conduction

54
Q

Vagus nerves

A

Act on parasympathetic innervation to SA and AV nodes, also coronary vessels

55
Q

Blood Supply to/from the Heart

A

Blood inside chambers doesn’t supply heart muscle itself
Right and left coronary arteries branch off of aorta to serve heart
Left coronary artery branches into anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery - supplies left atrium and ventricles
Right conronary artery branches into marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery - supplies right atrium and almost all of right ventricle
Cardiac veins return deoxygenated blood (coronary sinuse is largest

56
Q

Heart Disorders

A

Coronary Artery Diseases
Heart Failure (weakening of the heart)
Conduction system disorders

57
Q

Coronary Artery Diseases (CAD)

A 
Atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis
Coronary Artery Disease
Myocardial Infarction
(Silent) Ischemia
58
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Fatty deposits accumulate in body’s arteries

59
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening/loss of elasticity of the arteries for any reason

60
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A

Arteries supplying the heart are blocked or narrowed (consequence of atherosclerosis)

61
Q

Angina pectoris

A

chest pain due to low oxygen supply to heart muscles

62
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI)

A

Heart attack; complete or prolonged coronary artery blockage (cardiac muscle cells die due to lack of oxygen)

63
Q

(Silent) Ischemia

A

Heart blood flow is interrupted, but there is no pain involved

64
Q

Heart Failure

A

Congestive heart failure

Weakening of the heart

65
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Heart enlarges and pumping efficiency decreases

66
Q

Conduction system disorders

A

Arrhythmia

67
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Variation from normal rhythm of heartbeat

Fibrilation

68
Q

Fibrilation

A

Atrial or ventricular fibrillation

Conduction system is disturbed

KIN Exam 4 (4 decks)

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