Chapter 17 - The Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

Endocrinology

A

The study of hormones and endocrine glands

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1
Q

Endocrine System Overview

A

Series of ductless glands that secrete hormones
Hormones travel to regions of the body and signal physiological responses
Cooperates with nervous system
-nervous = faster activity
-endocrine = slower response but effect usually lasts longer
Endocrine organs and hormones = system

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2
Q

Exocrine

A
Have ducts
Secrete onto body surface or into cavity
Secretions travel directly onto target
Secretions are usually fluids, lubricants, enzymes
	ex. sweat, salivary, mucous
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3
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

DUCTLESS
Secrete hormones
Function is regulation, homeostasis
Hormones dumped right into bloodstream, act on target cells

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4
Q

Endocrine Organs Classifications

A

Pure Endocrine organs
Endocrine organs belonging to other body systems
Other

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5
Q

Pure endocrine organs

A
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal gland
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6
Q

Endocrine organs belonging to other body systems

A

Pancreas
Thymus
Gonads
Hypothalamus

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7
Q

Other Endocrine organs

A

Organs that can also secrete hormones
Heart
Digestive Tract

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8
Q

Hormone classes

A
Amino acid (protein)
Steroid (lipid)
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9
Q

Hormone Action

A

Circulate through bloodstream and affect only the target cells (have receptors)
Hormones themselves are just triggers

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10
Q

How hormones control secretion

A

Humoral stimuli
Neural stimuli
Hormonal stimuli
Feedback loops (Negative and Positive)

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11
Q

Humoral Stimuli

A

Respond to changing levels of ions/nutrients in blood

ex. parathyroid gland

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12
Q

Neural stimuli

A

Respond to nervous system

ex. adrenal medlla

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13
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

Respond to hormones from other glands

ex. hypothalamus

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14
Q

Negative Feedback loop

A

More hormone secreted if levels drop

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15
Q

Positive Feedback loop

A

More hormone secreted if levels increase

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16
Q

Pituitary Gland (hypophysis)

A

9 major hormones, from 2 different portions all are protein hormones
Small, round structure
Hangs on stalk below hypothalamus; stalk is called infundibulum
2 separate glands, anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis)
-Adnohypophysis is controlled by hypothalamus, which secretes peptide hormones (releasing factors) that signal the hormone release (inhibiting factors can also be released).

The hypothalamus controls the adenohypophysis, which controls the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and gonads

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17
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

Anterior pituitary gland, ventral portion under hypothalamus
Secrete: hormones that regulate growth and secretion of other glands, tissues (called TROPIC hormones/stimulating hormones)
ex. GH, MSH, FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, Prolactin
Target: other endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenal, gonads)

The hypothalamus controls the adenohypophysis, which controls the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and gonads
Effect: Generally stimulates tissue growth and gland secretion, essential for growth, development, maturation

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18
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Regulates growth of all body cells, promotes cell division

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19
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Causes darkening of skin by stimulating melanin

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20
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

In females, it regulates monthly development of follicle and egg and secretion of estrogen
In males, it stimulates testes to create sperm

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21
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Works together with FSH
In females, helps bring about ovulation, formation of progesterone
In males, it stimulates testosterone development and secretion

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22
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin)

A

Regulates thyroid gland, but hypothalamus also partially controls

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23
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Promotes functioning of adrenal cortex

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24
Q

Prolactin

A

Secreted in both males and females, but functions more in females after birth-responsible for milk production

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25
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Posterior pituitary gland; dorsal, is considered part of the brain - has nervous tissue
Secretes: ADH & Oxytocin

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26
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone, or vasopressin
Kidney = helps to retain water (decrease urine flow)
Blood vessels = constricts (increases BP)

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27
Q

Oxytocin

A
Uterus = contractions, delivery
Breasts = lactation
28
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Locations: In the anterior neck, inferior to the larynx - just below Adam’s apple; wraps around front of trachea, has 2 lobes connected by the isthmus - many blood vessels around it
Secretions: TH (T4 & T3), & Calcitonin
Targets: almost all body tissues
Effects: Increase metabolic rate, stimulate protein synthesis

29
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A

T3 = Thyroxine
T4 = Triiodothyronine
Peptide hormone which contains iodine, needed for function
NOTE: Pituitary gland releases TSH, which signals release of TH

30
Q

Calcitonin

A

Targets bones

Retains calcium, inhibits osteoclasts (decreases blood calcium, keeps calcium in bones)

31
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Location: 4 tiny glands at top and bottom of posterior surface of each lobe of the thyroid gland (superior and inferior pair on each lateral lobe of thyroid)
Secretion: parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Targets:
bone: increase calcium release & increase osteoclast activity - opposite the effect of calcitonin
small intestine: increases Ca absorp
kidneys: decreases Ca excretion
NET EFFECT: Increases calcium in bloodstream, decreases amount in bones

32
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Protein hormone made by chief cells

33
Q

Net effect of parathyroid glands

A

Increase Ca in bloodstream

Decrease Ca in bones

34
Q

Adrenal glands (2 parts)

A

Adrenal cortex

Adrenal medulla

35
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

bulk of adrenal gland, controlled by ACTH from anterior aituitary
Secretes over 30 hormones called corticosteroids
Location: cortex (outer portion)
Secretes: mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoids (steroid hormones)
Targets: cortisol targets liver, muscles (inc glucose metabolism), aldosterone targets kidney (inc Na retention, water follows - thus inc blood volume)

36
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

aldosterone

37
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

cortisol

38
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
Location: inside portion of gland
Secrete: epinephrine and NE (catecholamines)
Target: all sympathetic mass activation, hormonal effect lasts longer (10X longer) - fight or flight response

39
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Shaped like a pine cone
Function not well understood in humans
Location: roof of 3rd ventricle, dorsal to thalamus, dorsal/superior to midbrain (basically is straight back from the eyes)
Secrete: melatonin (NOT MELANIN)
Target: hypothalamus
Effect: Helps regulate circadian rhythms, sleep (inc secretion in dark)

40
Q

Pancreas

A

Is BOTH an endocrine and exocrine gland
Location: posterior abdominal wall, middle-left side (stomach is superior to it, transverse colon is inferior to it, kidneys are dorsal to it)
Secrete (protein hormones): Pancreatic islets, glucagon, insulin
Target: glucagon signals liver to release glucose from stored glycogen; insulin signals liver to store glucose as glycogen

41
Q

Pancreatic islets

A

Islets of Langerhans
Responsible for endocrine function
-2 types: alpha and beta

42
Q

Glucagon

A

Helps to release fuel into bloodstream

Comes from alpha islet cells

43
Q

Insulin

A

Helps to store glucose/fuel (decreases the amount in bloodstream)
Comes from beta islet cells
THUS insulin is released in a HYPERglycemic state and has a HYPOglycemic effect

44
Q

Thymus

A

Location: farther down trachea from thyroid, rests on top of pericardial sac in the mediastinum (base of neck) - in front of aorta, behind sternum
Secrete: Thymic hormone
Target: lymphoid tissues (especially nodes)
Effect: Increase lymphocyte production, especially T cells - helps maintain immunity - gland is much larger in children, regresses in size after puberty

45
Q

Thymic hormone

A

Thymosin & Thymopoietin

Peptide hormone

46
Q

Gonads (male and female)

A

testes & ovaries

BOTH sex steroid groups are produced in BOTH sexes

47
Q

Ovaries

A

Location: upper pelvic cavity, one on each side of the uterus, oval-shaped
Secrete: not purely endocrine gland - also produces eggs cells ,estrogen, progesterone (steroids)

48
Q

Estrogen

A

steroid
Targets: most body tissues
Effects: growth & development, sex drive

49
Q

Progesterone

A

Steroid
Target: uterus
Effect: endometrial proliferation in pregnancy (prep uterus for implantation)

50
Q

Testes

A

Location: scrotum
Secrete: androgens (steroids; primarily testosterone)
Not purely endocrine - produces sperm
Target: Most body tissue
Effect: growth and development, sex drive

51
Q

Heart

A

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
decreases excess blood volume, high BP, and high Na concentration
Stimulates kidney to increase salt secretion

52
Q

GI Tract

A

Stomach and Intestines
Gastrin, Secretin, CCK, GIP
Target/effect: secretions and activity of GI Tract

53
Q

Gastrin

A

Release by stomach

Stimulates HCl

54
Q

Secretin

A

Released by small intestine

Stimulates water and bicarbonate secretion in pancreatic juice

55
Q

CCK

A

cholecystokinin
Released by small intestine
Stimulates gallbladder, pancreatic juices

56
Q

GIP

A

Gastroinhibitory peptide
Released by small intestine
Inhibits gastric emptying, acid secretion

57
Q

Placenta

A

Influences pregnancy

58
Q

Kidneys

A

Secrete erythropoietin

Target/effect: red bone marrow, stimulates RBC production

59
Q

Skin

A

Precursor to vitamin D is produced by modified cholesterol molecules after exposure to UV light (Vitamin D is fully activated by liver), signals calcium absorption from small intestine (needed for bones)

60
Q

Pituitary Endocrine System Disorders

A

Gigantism

Acromegaly

61
Q

Gigantism

A

Tumor causes hypersecretion of GH in children (extreme tallness)

62
Q

Acromegaly

A

Excessive GH secretion after epiphyseal growth plates fuse

Enlargement of hands, feet, face

63
Q

pancreas endocrine system disorders

A

Diabetes mellitus

64
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Insufficient insulin OR inability of cells to react to insulin (blood sugar is high)
Type 1: need insulin injected
Type 2: “adult onset” reduced insulin sensitivity

65
Q

Thyroid Endocrine System Disorders

A

Graves’ disease
Hypothyroidism
Goiter

66
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Oversecretion of thyroid hormone (elevated metabolic rate, rapid HR, sweating, etc)

67
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone (low metabolic rate, weight gain, lethargy, etc)

68
Q

Goiter

A

Enlarged thyroid gland due to lack of iodine.