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KIN Exam 4 > Chapter 18 - Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - Blood Flashcards

0
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Blood
Heart
Blood Vessels

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1
Q

Circulatory System

A

Cardiovascular system

Lymphatic system

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2
Q

Blood

A

Circulation is started by pumping from heart
Blood leaves the heart via arteries; returns via veins
Arteries branch into capillaries
Carries respiratory gases and nutrients
Approx. 8% of body’s mass

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3
Q

Blood Composition

A

Plasma - 55-60%

Formed Elements - 40-45%

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4
Q

Plasma

A

Fluid matrix
55-60%
90% water and contains many different kinds of molecules (Na, urea, oxygen)

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5
Q

Formed elements

A 
40-45%
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
NOTE: erythrocytes (no nucleus, organelles) and platelets (fragments) aren't considered true cells
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6
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells
Constitute the bulk of formed elements
No nucleus, organelles

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7
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells

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8
Q

Thrombocytes

A

platelets

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9
Q

Plasma (3 types of proteins)

A

Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen

Help make plasma more viscous than water
Made by the liver

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10
Q

Albumin

A

Contributes to oncotic pressure

Most abundant and smallest plasma protein

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11
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

Helps keep water portion of plasma from leaking out of capillaries

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12
Q

Globulins

A

Include antibodies and blood proteins that transport substances
Includes lipids - lipoproteins

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13
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Helps blood clot

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14
Q

Viscosity

A

Thickness of a fluid
v of water =1; v of plasma = 1.5-2
Plasma is thicker than water due to proteins
Whole blood viscosity is 3-4
Dehydration does not affect # of cells but will decrease plasma (thus increasing Hct and viscosity)

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15
Q

Serum

A

Plasma with clotting factors removed

When blood stands, coagulation takes place(formed elements and fibrinogem become a clot), leaving serum

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16
Q

Hematocrit (Hct)

A

Percentage of blood volume that is erythrocytes
Higher in males than females, related to testosterone
Males have about 42-52% (avg in 47)
Females have about 37-47% (avg 42)
Decreased hematocrit is thinner blood (more plasma)

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17
Q

Erythrocytes

A 
Known as red blood cells (RBCs)
Small cells that transport oxygen
Biconcave disc
Have a plasma membrane but no organelles and no nucleus (expelled prior to leaving bone marrow)
Cytoplasm contains hemoglobin
Pick up oxygen in lungs and distribute to body
Are anaerobic
Life span = 100-120 days
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18
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Oxygen carrying protein
Each hemoglobin molecule has 4 amino acid chains; each chain has an iron atom for binding oxygen
Red color of blood comes from oxidation of iron atoms

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19
Q

anaerobic

A

don’t use any oxygen they carry

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20
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells (WBCs)
Spherical in shape
Fight disease (outside the bloodstream)
Are complete cells with organelles, nuclei
Diapedesis
Are produced and stored in bone marrow, released continuously
Leukocytosis: >11,000 cells per cubic mm
5 types classified on presence of granules

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21
Q

2 classifications of Leukocytes

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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22
Q

Granulocytes types

A

Neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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23
Q

Agranulocytes types

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

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24
Order of Leukocytes from most abundant to least abundant
``` Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils ```
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Diapedesis
WBCs squeeze between endothelial cells in capillary walls
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Granulocytes
Larger and live less time that RBCs Have granules and lobes Polymorphonuclear: many shapes/sizes of nuclei Phagocytic
27
Neutrophils
Most abundant type of leukocyte Many lobes in nuclei Granules are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes Consume and destroy bacteria; first line of defense in infection Pus
28
Pus
Dead neutrophils, other leukocytes, tissue debris, and dead bacteria
29
Eosinophils
Rare (1-4% of all WBCs), found in walls of digestive tube Contain digestive enzymes (not for bacteria) Allergic reaction (consume allergens, degrade histamine, stop reaction) and parasitic infection (granules release enzymes that attack parasites)
30
Basophils
Rarest WBCs Granules contain histamine, molecules that mediate inflammation Role is similar to mast cells; however, mast cells act early and basophils act later
31
Lymphocytes
Most important cells of immune system Classified as small, medium, large Many are present in lymphoid CT (immunity) Antigen, T cells, B cells, Natural killer cells
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Antigen
any molecule inducing response from leukocyte
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T cells
cytotoxic (aka killer) cells attack directly, bind to them, punch holes in membrane, cause cell death Work on "alien" cells that have nucleus, organells
34
B cells
Are plasma cells that secrete antibodies, which bind to antigens and "flag" them for phagocytosis Work on bacteria, toxins
35
Natural Killer Cells
Rapid attack before entire immune response is generated
36
Monocytes
Largest leukocytes | Transform into macrophages in CT
37
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Quantifies blood cell types Measures Hct, H, concentrations of RBCs, WBCs, platelets CBC with differential examines structure abnormalities
38
Thrombocytes
Platelets Disc-shaped fragments with plasma membrane Plug tears in vessel walls to slow down bleeding; release signals for more platelets, constriction of vessel, and inflammation Release thromboplastin, which helps clotting being (fibrinogen also contributes fibrin)
39
Clot
mass containing fibrin, platelets, and trapped blood cells
40
Thrombus
Clot that develops and stays (can block vessel)
41
Embolus
Thrombus breaks off vessel wall
42
Hematopoiesis
Formation of blood cells; continue through life
43
Red Bone Marrow
Generates blood cells At birth, all marrow is red In adults, red marrow is located in axial skeleton, girdles, proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur Some cells in red marrow are mesenchymal stem cells (give rise to fat cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, fibroblasts, and muscle cells)
44
Yellow Bone Marrow
Contains fat cells | In adults, is located in all other regions of long bones
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Basic Framework of bone marrow
reticular CT
46
Cell Lines
All blood cells arise from the blood stem cell, create two cell types Lymphoid stem cells Myeloid stem cells
47
Lymphoid stem cells
give rise to lymphocytes
48
Myeloid stem cells
Give rise to all other blood cells
49
RBC disorders
Polycythemia Anemia Sickle cell disease
50
Polycythemia
Excess RBCs in blood, makes blood too viscous | Needs dilution
51
Anemia
RBC or Hb levels are low; caused by blood loss, iron deficiency, etc.
52
Sickle cell disease
Defect in Hb causes it to crystallize if O2 low or dehydrated, causing shape of RBC to distort (in turn causes problems) Affects 1 in 400 Africa Americans
53
WBC Disorders
Leukemia
54
Leukemia
Cancer, uncontrolled leukocyte formation | Cancer cells take over bone marrow, ruin normal blood cell production
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Lymphoblastic
Immature lymph cells
56
Myeloblastic
Immature cells from myeloid line
57
Acute
rapid development
58
Chronic
Slowly developing
59
Platelet disorder
Thrombocytopenia
60
Thrombocytopenia
low platelets in blood; can result from cancer treatment (chemotherapy), bone marrow damage, etc. spleen is that organ that destroys platelets, other blood cells

KIN Exam 4 (4 decks)

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