Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KIN Exam 4 > Chapter 18 - Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - Blood Flashcards

0
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Blood
Heart
Blood Vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Circulatory System

A

Cardiovascular system

Lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Blood

A

Circulation is started by pumping from heart
Blood leaves the heart via arteries; returns via veins
Arteries branch into capillaries
Carries respiratory gases and nutrients
Approx. 8% of body’s mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Blood Composition

A

Plasma - 55-60%

Formed Elements - 40-45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Plasma

A

Fluid matrix
55-60%
90% water and contains many different kinds of molecules (Na, urea, oxygen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Formed elements

A 
40-45%
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
NOTE: erythrocytes (no nucleus, organelles) and platelets (fragments) aren't considered true cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells
Constitute the bulk of formed elements
No nucleus, organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Thrombocytes

A

platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Plasma (3 types of proteins)

A

Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen

Help make plasma more viscous than water
Made by the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Albumin

A

Contributes to oncotic pressure

Most abundant and smallest plasma protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

Helps keep water portion of plasma from leaking out of capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Globulins

A

Include antibodies and blood proteins that transport substances
Includes lipids - lipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Helps blood clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Viscosity

A

Thickness of a fluid
v of water =1; v of plasma = 1.5-2
Plasma is thicker than water due to proteins
Whole blood viscosity is 3-4
Dehydration does not affect # of cells but will decrease plasma (thus increasing Hct and viscosity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Serum

A

Plasma with clotting factors removed

When blood stands, coagulation takes place(formed elements and fibrinogem become a clot), leaving serum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hematocrit (Hct)

A

Percentage of blood volume that is erythrocytes
Higher in males than females, related to testosterone
Males have about 42-52% (avg in 47)
Females have about 37-47% (avg 42)
Decreased hematocrit is thinner blood (more plasma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Erythrocytes

A 
Known as red blood cells (RBCs)
Small cells that transport oxygen
Biconcave disc
Have a plasma membrane but no organelles and no nucleus (expelled prior to leaving bone marrow)
Cytoplasm contains hemoglobin
Pick up oxygen in lungs and distribute to body
Are anaerobic
Life span = 100-120 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Oxygen carrying protein
Each hemoglobin molecule has 4 amino acid chains; each chain has an iron atom for binding oxygen
Red color of blood comes from oxidation of iron atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

anaerobic

A

don’t use any oxygen they carry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells (WBCs)
Spherical in shape
Fight disease (outside the bloodstream)
Are complete cells with organelles, nuclei
Diapedesis
Are produced and stored in bone marrow, released continuously
Leukocytosis: >11,000 cells per cubic mm
5 types classified on presence of granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2 classifications of Leukocytes

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Granulocytes types

A

Neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Agranulocytes types

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Order of Leukocytes from most abundant to least abundant

A 
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
25
Q

Diapedesis

A

WBCs squeeze between endothelial cells in capillary walls

26
Q

Granulocytes

A

Larger and live less time that RBCs
Have granules and lobes
Polymorphonuclear: many shapes/sizes of nuclei
Phagocytic

27
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most abundant type of leukocyte
Many lobes in nuclei
Granules are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes
Consume and destroy bacteria; first line of defense in infection
Pus

28
Q

Pus

A

Dead neutrophils, other leukocytes, tissue debris, and dead bacteria

29
Q

Eosinophils

A

Rare (1-4% of all WBCs), found in walls of digestive tube
Contain digestive enzymes (not for bacteria)
Allergic reaction (consume allergens, degrade histamine, stop reaction) and parasitic infection (granules release enzymes that attack parasites)

30
Q

Basophils

A

Rarest WBCs
Granules contain histamine, molecules that mediate inflammation
Role is similar to mast cells; however, mast cells act early and basophils act later

31
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Most important cells of immune system
Classified as small, medium, large
Many are present in lymphoid CT (immunity)
Antigen, T cells, B cells, Natural killer cells

32
Q

Antigen

A

any molecule inducing response from leukocyte

33
Q

T cells

A

cytotoxic (aka killer) cells attack directly, bind to them, punch holes in membrane, cause cell death
Work on “alien” cells that have nucleus, organells

34
Q

B cells

A

Are plasma cells that secrete antibodies, which bind to antigens and “flag” them for phagocytosis
Work on bacteria, toxins

35
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Rapid attack before entire immune response is generated

36
Q

Monocytes

A

Largest leukocytes

Transform into macrophages in CT

37
Q

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A

Quantifies blood cell types
Measures Hct, H, concentrations of RBCs, WBCs, platelets
CBC with differential examines structure abnormalities

38
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets
Disc-shaped fragments with plasma membrane
Plug tears in vessel walls to slow down bleeding; release signals for more platelets, constriction of vessel, and inflammation
Release thromboplastin, which helps clotting being (fibrinogen also contributes fibrin)

39
Q

Clot

A

mass containing fibrin, platelets, and trapped blood cells

40
Q

Thrombus

A

Clot that develops and stays (can block vessel)

41
Q

Embolus

A

Thrombus breaks off vessel wall

42
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Formation of blood cells; continue through life

43
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Generates blood cells
At birth, all marrow is red
In adults, red marrow is located in axial skeleton, girdles, proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
Some cells in red marrow are mesenchymal stem cells (give rise to fat cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, fibroblasts, and muscle cells)

44
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Contains fat cells

In adults, is located in all other regions of long bones

45
Q

Basic Framework of bone marrow

A

reticular CT

46
Q

Cell Lines

A

All blood cells arise from the blood stem cell, create two cell types
Lymphoid stem cells
Myeloid stem cells

47
Q

Lymphoid stem cells

A

give rise to lymphocytes

48
Q

Myeloid stem cells

A

Give rise to all other blood cells

49
Q

RBC disorders

A

Polycythemia
Anemia
Sickle cell disease

50
Q

Polycythemia

A

Excess RBCs in blood, makes blood too viscous

Needs dilution

51
Q

Anemia

A

RBC or Hb levels are low; caused by blood loss, iron deficiency, etc.

52
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Defect in Hb causes it to crystallize if O2 low or dehydrated, causing shape of RBC to distort (in turn causes problems)
Affects 1 in 400 Africa Americans

53
Q

WBC Disorders

A

Leukemia

54
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancer, uncontrolled leukocyte formation

Cancer cells take over bone marrow, ruin normal blood cell production

55
Q

Lymphoblastic

A

Immature lymph cells

56
Q

Myeloblastic

A

Immature cells from myeloid line

57
Q

Acute

A

rapid development

58
Q

Chronic

A

Slowly developing

59
Q

Platelet disorder

A

Thrombocytopenia

60
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

low platelets in blood; can result from cancer treatment (chemotherapy), bone marrow damage, etc.

spleen is that organ that destroys platelets, other blood cells

KIN Exam 4 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions