Chapter 19: Global Crisis, 1910-1939 CE Vocab

Question 1

Great War (World War I)

Answer 1

(August 1914–November 1918) A total global war involving the armies of Britain, France, and Russia (the Allies) against those of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers). Italy joined the Allies in 1915, and the United States joined them in 1917, helping tip the balance in favor of the Allies, who also drew upon the populations and material of their colonial possessions.

Question 2

Central Powers

Answer 2

Alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I.

Question 3

Allied Powers

Answer 3

Name given to the alliance between Britain, France, Russia, and Italy, all of which fought against Germany and Austria-Hungary (the Central Powers) in World War I. In World War II, the name was used for the alliance between Britain, France, and the United States, all of which fought against the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan).

Question 4

Bolsheviks

Answer 4

Former members of the Russian Social Democratic Party who advocated the destruction of capitalist political and economic institutions and seized power in Russia in 1917 when the Russian Empire collapsed. In 1918, the Bolsheviks changed their name to the Russian Communist Party.

Question 5

Great Depression

Answer 5

Worldwide depression following the U.S. stock market crash on October 29, 1929.

Question 6

Joseph Stalin

Answer 6

(1878–1953) Leader of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union; sought to create “socialism in one country.” The name Stalin means “man of steel.”

Question 7

Benito Mussolini

Answer 7

(1883–1945) Italian dictator and founder of the fascist movement in Italy. During World War II, he allied Italy with Germany and Japan.

Question 8

fascism

Answer 8

Form of hypernationalism that emerged in Europe after the Great War (World War I), in which a charismatic leader was followed by a mass party and supported by established elites and churches and existing government institutions. Fascist movements were widespread but came to power only in Italy and Germany.

Question 9

Adolf Hitler

Answer 9

(1889–1945) German dictator and leader of the Nazi Party who seized power in Germany after its economic collapse in the Great Depression. Hitler and his Nazi regime started World War II in Europe and systematically murdered Jews and other non-Aryan groups in the name of racial purity.

Question 10

Nazis

Answer 10

(National Socialist German Workers’ Party) German organization dedicated to winning workers over from socialism to nationalism; the first Nazi Party platform combined nationalism with anticapitalism and anti-Semitism.

Question 11

Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi

Answer 11

(1869–1948) Indian leader who led a nonviolent struggle for India’s independence from Britain.

Question 12

nonviolent resistance

Answer 12

Moral and political philosophy of resistance developed by Indian National Congress leader Mohandas Gandhi. Gandhi believed that if Indians pursued self-reliance and self-control in a nonviolent way, the British would eventually have to leave.

Question 13

Chiang Kai-shek

Answer 13

(1887–1975) Leader of the Guomindang following Sun Yat-sen’s death who mobilized the Chinese masses through the New Life movement. In 1949, he lost the Chinese Revolution to the communists and moved his regime to Taiwan.

Question 14

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Answer 14

(1881–1938) Ottoman army officer and military hero who helped forge the modern Turkish nation-state. He and his followers deposed the sultan, declared Turkey a republic, and constructed a European-like secular state, eliminating Islam’s hold over civil and political affairs.