Chapter 16: Alternate Visions of the Nineteenth Century Vocab Flashcards
Wahhabism
Early eighteenth-century reform movement organized by Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, who preached the absolute oneness of Allah and a return to the pure Islam of Muhammad.
Usman dan Fodio
(1754–1817) Fulani Muslim cleric whose visions led him to challenge the Hausa ruling classes, who he believed were insufficiently faithful to Islamic beliefs and practices. His ideas gained support among those who had suffered under the Hausa landlords. In 1804, his supporters and allies overthrew the Hausa in what is today northern Nigeria.
Mfecane movement
African political revolts in the first half of the nineteenth century that were caused by the expansionist methods of King Shaka of the Zulu people.
millenarian
Believer (usually religious) in the cataclysmic destruction of a corrupt, fallen society and its replacement by an ideal, utopian future.
Taiping Rebellion
(1850–1864) Rebellion by followers of Hong Xiuquan and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom against the Qing government over the economic and social turmoil caused by the Opium Wars. Despite raising an army of 100,000 rebels, the rebellion was crushed.
liberalism
Political and social theory that advocates representative government, free trade, and freedom of speech and religion.
utopian socialism
The most visionary of all Restoration-era movements. Utopian socialists like Charles Fourier dreamed of transforming states, workplaces, and human relations and proposed plans to do so.
proletarians
Industrial wage workers.
Marxism
A current of socialism created by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It stressed the primacy of economics and technology - and above all, class conflict - in shaping human history. Economic production provided the foundation, the “base” for society, which shaped politics, values, art, and culture (the superstructure). In the modern, industrial era, they believed class conflict boiled down to a two-way struggle between the bourgeoisie (who controlled the means of industrial production) and the proletariat (workers who had only their labor power to sell).
Tenskwatawa
(1775–1836) Shawnee prophet who urged disciples to abstain from alcohol and return to traditional customs, reducing dependence on European trade goods and severing connections to Christian missionaries. His message spread to other tribes, raising the specter of a pan-Indian confederacy.
Caste War of Yucatan
(1847–1901) Conflict between Maya Indians and the Mexican state over Indian autonomy and legal equality, which resulted in the Mexican takeover of the Yucatán Peninsula.
