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Pathophysiology Exam 2 > Chapter 19- Disorders Of Cardiac Function > Flashcards

Chapter 19- Disorders Of Cardiac Function Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries and arterioles function as what?

A

Distribution system to move blood to the tissues

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2
Q

Capillaries serve as what?

A

an exchange system where the transfer of gases, nutrients, and wastes takes place

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3
Q

what do venues and veins serve as?

A

serve as collection and storage vessels that return blood to the heart

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4
Q

Electrocardiography is also known as what?

A

12 lead ECG or EKG

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5
Q

what is the most common diagnostic test for the heart?

A

Cardiac catheterization or arteriography

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6
Q

what is pericarditis?

A

inflammation of the pericardium

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7
Q

causes of Pericarditis?

A

Triad symptoms

 - Pain (relieved with leaning forward)
 - Friction rub (rubbing sound heard w/ stethoscope)
 - ECG changes
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8
Q

Friction rub is associated with what?

A

Pericarditis

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9
Q

leaning forward helps relieve what problem?

A

Pericarditis

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10
Q

What is the treatment for Pericarditis and why?

A

Treatment = NSAID’s
Aspirin, prednisone, etc.
Why = given to decrease inflammation

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11
Q

What is Pericardial Effusion?

A

The accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac

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12
Q

Consequences of pericardial effusion?

A

DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT!

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13
Q

Why is there decreased cardiac output with pericardial effusion?

A
  • fluid in pericardial cavity, restricts heart expansion
  • right and left ventricles cannot accept enough blood
  • left ventricle = decreased cardiac output
    Right ventricle = increased venous pressure; jugular distention
  • Decreased cardiac output from the left ventricle = DECREASED BLOOD PRESSURE AND SHOCK
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14
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Pericardial Effusion?

A

EARLY

  • Tachypenia
  • Tachycardia
  • Decreased LOC
  • Restlessness and Irritability

LATE

  • Hypotension
  • Unable to wake
  • Modeling
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15
Q

Cardiac Tamponade is what?

A

A Medical Emergency!

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16
Q

You usually have ___________________ that leads to a cardiac tamponade

A

A Pericardial Effusion

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17
Q

Cardiac Tamponade?

A

Compression of the heart due to accumulation of fluid, pus, or blood in the pericardial sac

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18
Q

where are cardiac enzymes released from?

A

necrotic heart cell

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19
Q

Myoglobin is specific to what?

A

skeletal and heart muscle

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20
Q

Creatine kinase (CK) is specific to what?

A

skeletal and heart muscle

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21
Q

Creatine Kinase (CK-MB)?

A

myocardial b fraction

- specific to skeletal and heart muscle

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22
Q

Troponin is specific to what?

A

Specific to the heart muscle

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23
Q

What is the key diagnostic test to determine heart issues?

A

Troponin** (Will be elevated!)

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24
Q

What is stable angina?

A

occurs when oxygen demands are increased either caused by activity or stress

** pain during activity (ex: mowing lawn) but then goes away with rest!

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25
Q

What is Variant angina?

A

pain when coronary arteries spasm

ex: emotional stress, cocaine use, alcohol withdrawal

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26
Q

No increase in cardiac enzymes is seen in what type of angina?

A

Unstable Angina

27
Q

Unstable Angina occurs when?

A

Occurs at rest (or with minimal exertion)

28
Q

Unstable Angina may occur at rest, BUT?

A

DOESN’T GET BETTER WITH REST

29
Q

When your symptoms stay even with rest, what type of angina is it?

A

Unstable Angina

30
Q

What does an EKG show in NSTEMI?

A

Shows signs of ST depression

31
Q

NSTEMI signs and symptoms are similar to what?

A

Unstable angina

32
Q

What does an EKG show in STEMI?

A

Shows ST elevation or a new left bundle branch block

33
Q

Manifestations of STEMI?

A
  • Abrupt onset
  • Severe and crushing chest pain
    ( usually substernal, radiating to L arm, neck, or jaw)
  • SOB
  • Gastrointestinal complaints
    ( nausea and vomiting)
  • complaints of fatigue and weakness
  • Tachycardia, anxiety, restlessness, feelings of doom
  • pale, cool, and moist skin
34
Q

What STEMI manifestations are more common in women?

A
  • Gastrointestinal complaints
    (Nausea and vomiting)
  • Complaints of fatigue and weakness
  • Tachycardia, anxiety, restlessness, feelings of doom
35
Q

What STEMI manifestations are more common in men?

A
  • Severe and crushing chest pain
    (Usually substernal and radiating to L arm,neck, or jaw)
  • pale, cool, and moist skin
  • SOB
36
Q

Any person with an MI looks what?

A

Looks grey

37
Q

A big circulatory sign is what?

A

Decreased urine output

38
Q

What is a key diagnostic finding for determining if a patient is suffering from cardiac tamponade?

A

Pulsus Paradoxus

39
Q

Signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade ?

A
  • Jugular vein distention
  • Hypotension
  • Narrowed pulse pressure
  • signs of circulatory shock (pallor—> cyanosis)
  • Muffled heart sounds
  • pulsus paradoxus
40
Q

Treatments for cardiac tamponade?

A
  • pericardiocentesis
    (Temporary fix)
  • Surgery
41
Q

Ischemia = ?

A

Lack of O2

42
Q

How fast do you want to get an ECG in someone you suspect has a MI?

A

Within 10minutes (5-10)

43
Q

What cardiac enzymes should you get with someone with a suspected MI?

A
  • Tropinin
  • Myoglobin
  • CK
  • CK-MB
44
Q

Interventions for MI?

A

MONA

M- Morphine
O- Oxygen
N- Nitroglyceron
A- Aspirin

  • Heparin (intravenous)
45
Q

What is the #1 answer in terms of what intervention to give for MI?

A

ALWAYS GIVE OXYGEN!

46
Q

What is the 1st priority for management of MI?

A

Cardiac catheterization

If cath lab is not available, administer TPA within 30 minutes of arrival

47
Q

AMI = ?

A

Acute Myocardial Infarction

48
Q

What is the most common cause of sudden death?

A

Ventricular Fibrillation (Cardiac arrhythmiad)

49
Q

____________pnea

pnea = __________

A

Respiratory

50
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is the most common sudden death in who?

A

Young Adults. (Young athletes)

51
Q

What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A

Ventricles are usually thick so there is not a normal amount of room for blood inside

52
Q

A young adult with Hyperteophic Cardiomyopathy May suffer ____________________ during exertion?

A

Sudden death

53
Q

Manifestations of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • Dyspnea

- chest pain during exertion

54
Q

________________________ is a common cause of heart failure?

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

55
Q

Manifestations of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Orthopnea
  • Reduced exercise capacity
  • Increased fatigue
56
Q

Defibrillators are used for the treatment of _________________ ?

A

Cardiomyopathy

Defibrillators
- shock the ❤️ when it goes into ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation

( will shock them out of it to keep them alive)

57
Q

What is a Murmur?

A

Ineffective closing of a valve

58
Q

Infective Endocarditis is most commonly a result ofwhat?

A

Bacteria

59
Q

Infective Endocarditis is typically from what?

A

Dental procedures

60
Q

Rheumatic Fever is typically caused by what?

A

Untreated strep throat

( streptococcal infection)

61
Q

Chronic phase of Rheumatic Fever typically affects what?

A

Affects

  • Heart
  • Heart valves
62
Q

Signs and symptoms of Rheumatic Fever?

A
  • Sore throat
  • Abdominal pain
  • Headache
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Fever
  • swollen glands
  • Labs: increase WBC,ESR and CRP
63
Q

Treatment for Rheumatic Fever?

A

Treat the streptococcal infection before it turns into rheumatic Fever

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (6 decks)

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