Chapter 19- Disorders Of Cardiac Function Flashcards
Arteries and arterioles function as what?
Distribution system to move blood to the tissues
Capillaries serve as what?
an exchange system where the transfer of gases, nutrients, and wastes takes place
what do venues and veins serve as?
serve as collection and storage vessels that return blood to the heart
Electrocardiography is also known as what?
12 lead ECG or EKG
what is the most common diagnostic test for the heart?
Cardiac catheterization or arteriography
what is pericarditis?
inflammation of the pericardium
causes of Pericarditis?
Triad symptoms
- Pain (relieved with leaning forward) - Friction rub (rubbing sound heard w/ stethoscope) - ECG changes
Friction rub is associated with what?
Pericarditis
leaning forward helps relieve what problem?
Pericarditis
What is the treatment for Pericarditis and why?
Treatment = NSAID’s
Aspirin, prednisone, etc.
Why = given to decrease inflammation
What is Pericardial Effusion?
The accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac
Consequences of pericardial effusion?
DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT!
Why is there decreased cardiac output with pericardial effusion?
- fluid in pericardial cavity, restricts heart expansion
- right and left ventricles cannot accept enough blood
- left ventricle = decreased cardiac output
Right ventricle = increased venous pressure; jugular distention - Decreased cardiac output from the left ventricle = DECREASED BLOOD PRESSURE AND SHOCK
Signs and Symptoms of Pericardial Effusion?
EARLY
- Tachypenia
- Tachycardia
- Decreased LOC
- Restlessness and Irritability
LATE
- Hypotension
- Unable to wake
- Modeling
Cardiac Tamponade is what?
A Medical Emergency!
You usually have ___________________ that leads to a cardiac tamponade
A Pericardial Effusion
Cardiac Tamponade?
Compression of the heart due to accumulation of fluid, pus, or blood in the pericardial sac
where are cardiac enzymes released from?
necrotic heart cell
Myoglobin is specific to what?
skeletal and heart muscle
Creatine kinase (CK) is specific to what?
skeletal and heart muscle
Creatine Kinase (CK-MB)?
myocardial b fraction
- specific to skeletal and heart muscle
Troponin is specific to what?
Specific to the heart muscle
What is the key diagnostic test to determine heart issues?
Troponin** (Will be elevated!)
What is stable angina?
occurs when oxygen demands are increased either caused by activity or stress
** pain during activity (ex: mowing lawn) but then goes away with rest!
What is Variant angina?
pain when coronary arteries spasm
ex: emotional stress, cocaine use, alcohol withdrawal
No increase in cardiac enzymes is seen in what type of angina?
Unstable Angina
Unstable Angina occurs when?
Occurs at rest (or with minimal exertion)
Unstable Angina may occur at rest, BUT?
DOESN’T GET BETTER WITH REST
When your symptoms stay even with rest, what type of angina is it?
Unstable Angina
What does an EKG show in NSTEMI?
Shows signs of ST depression
NSTEMI signs and symptoms are similar to what?
Unstable angina
What does an EKG show in STEMI?
Shows ST elevation or a new left bundle branch block
Manifestations of STEMI?
- Abrupt onset
- Severe and crushing chest pain
( usually substernal, radiating to L arm, neck, or jaw) - SOB
- Gastrointestinal complaints
( nausea and vomiting) - complaints of fatigue and weakness
- Tachycardia, anxiety, restlessness, feelings of doom
- pale, cool, and moist skin
What STEMI manifestations are more common in women?
- Gastrointestinal complaints
(Nausea and vomiting) - Complaints of fatigue and weakness
- Tachycardia, anxiety, restlessness, feelings of doom
What STEMI manifestations are more common in men?
- Severe and crushing chest pain
(Usually substernal and radiating to L arm,neck, or jaw) - pale, cool, and moist skin
- SOB
Any person with an MI looks what?
Looks grey
A big circulatory sign is what?
Decreased urine output
What is a key diagnostic finding for determining if a patient is suffering from cardiac tamponade?
Pulsus Paradoxus
Signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade ?
- Jugular vein distention
- Hypotension
- Narrowed pulse pressure
- signs of circulatory shock (pallor—> cyanosis)
- Muffled heart sounds
- pulsus paradoxus
Treatments for cardiac tamponade?
- pericardiocentesis
(Temporary fix) - Surgery
Ischemia = ?
Lack of O2
How fast do you want to get an ECG in someone you suspect has a MI?
Within 10minutes (5-10)
What cardiac enzymes should you get with someone with a suspected MI?
- Tropinin
- Myoglobin
- CK
- CK-MB
Interventions for MI?
MONA
M- Morphine
O- Oxygen
N- Nitroglyceron
A- Aspirin
- Heparin (intravenous)
What is the #1 answer in terms of what intervention to give for MI?
ALWAYS GIVE OXYGEN!
What is the 1st priority for management of MI?
Cardiac catheterization
If cath lab is not available, administer TPA within 30 minutes of arrival
AMI = ?
Acute Myocardial Infarction
What is the most common cause of sudden death?
Ventricular Fibrillation (Cardiac arrhythmiad)
____________pnea
pnea = __________
Respiratory
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is the most common sudden death in who?
Young Adults. (Young athletes)
What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?
Ventricles are usually thick so there is not a normal amount of room for blood inside
A young adult with Hyperteophic Cardiomyopathy May suffer ____________________ during exertion?
Sudden death
Manifestations of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?
- Dyspnea
- chest pain during exertion
________________________ is a common cause of heart failure?
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Manifestations of dilated cardiomyopathy?
- Dyspnea
- Orthopnea
- Reduced exercise capacity
- Increased fatigue
Defibrillators are used for the treatment of _________________ ?
Cardiomyopathy
Defibrillators
- shock the ❤️ when it goes into ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation
( will shock them out of it to keep them alive)
What is a Murmur?
Ineffective closing of a valve
Infective Endocarditis is most commonly a result ofwhat?
Bacteria
Infective Endocarditis is typically from what?
Dental procedures
Rheumatic Fever is typically caused by what?
Untreated strep throat
( streptococcal infection)
Chronic phase of Rheumatic Fever typically affects what?
Affects
- Heart
- Heart valves
Signs and symptoms of Rheumatic Fever?
- Sore throat
- Abdominal pain
- Headache
- Nausea/vomiting
- Fever
- swollen glands
- Labs: increase WBC,ESR and CRP
Treatment for Rheumatic Fever?
Treat the streptococcal infection before it turns into rheumatic Fever
