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Pathophysiology Exam 2 > Chapter 18- Dissorders Of Blood Flow/ BP > Flashcards

Chapter 18- Dissorders Of Blood Flow/ BP Flashcards

1
Q

Artery Structure…

  • Tunica intima =
  • Tunica media =
  • Tunica exterminate =
A
  • Tunica intima = inner layer
  • Tunica media = smooth muscle
  • Tunica Externia = outer layer
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2
Q

Tunica intima is composed of ________________?

A

Endothelial cells

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3
Q

Tunica externia is composed of ____________________________?

A

Loose connective tissue

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4
Q

Tunica media is composed of ____________________?

A

Smooth muscle

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5
Q

HDL stands for ?

A

High density lipoprotein

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6
Q

LDL stands for ?

A

Low density lipoprotein

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7
Q

________ cholesterol is good?

A

HDL

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8
Q

_______ cholesterol is bad?

A

LDL

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9
Q

Total cholesterol should be ____________ or lower?

A

200 mg/dL or Lower

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10
Q

Medications that end in statins are for what?

A

Cholesterol

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11
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

Gardening of the arteries

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12
Q

Atherosclerosis build up leads to ________________ ?

A

MI (Myocardial Infarction)

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13
Q

Risk factors for Atherosclerosis?

A
  • MAJOR RISK FACTOR = Hypercholesterolemia
  • increasing age
  • Family history of premature CAD
  • Male sex UNTIL women hit menopause
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14
Q

________ helps keep LDL low?

A

Estrogen

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15
Q

What is an Aneurysm?

A

Weakening or outpouching of the vessel wall.

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16
Q

What are types of Aneurysms?

A
  • Aortic
  • Berry (brain)
  • Thoracic
  • Abdominal aortic
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17
Q

What is the most common type of Aneurysm?

A

Abdominal aortic

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18
Q

What is the BIGGEST cause of Aneurysms?

A

Hypertension

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19
Q

What are the causes of Aneurysms?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Congenital defects
  • Trauma
  • Infections
  • Atherosclerosis
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20
Q

Aneurysms are _________ and ____________

A

Acute

Life threatening

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21
Q

Causes of Thoracic aneurysms?

A
  • Atherosclerosis

- Marfan syndrome

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22
Q

Manifestations of thoracic aneurysms?

A
  • Asymptomatic
  • Neck, Back, or substernal pain
  • Hoarseness
  • Brassy cough
  • Dyspnea
  • Stridor

** 2 down—> ALL OCCUR IN THE THORACIC REGION**

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23
Q

Manifestations of Abdominal aortic aneurysms?

A
  • SEVERE Back pain (NOTHING makes it better)

- Pulsating mass

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24
Q

Causes of Abdominal aortic aneurysms?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Severe atherosclerosis
  • smoking
  • genetics 🧬
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25
Q

Why do you have to watch/ be able to recognize aneurysms?

A

Because you don’t know when the aneurysm will rupture!

26
Q

What is Hemiplegia?

A

One sided chest pain

27
Q

What is syncope?

A

Passing out due to lack of oxygen to the brain 🧠

28
Q

Why do you want a patient with an aneurysm to be Hypotensive (low BP)?

A

To keep the aneurysm from rupturing

  • Ex: 100 systolic @ the highest
29
Q

Why do you want a patient with an aneurysm to be kept flat / have minimal to no movement?

A

More movement = increase HR & increase BP = rupture

30
Q

What are diagnostic tests for aneurysms?

A
  • aortic angiography
  • Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
  • CT scan of chest, brain or abdomen
  • MRI
31
Q

What does PAD stand for?

A

Peripheral artery disease

32
Q

What is the primary sign and symptom of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)?

A

Intermittent clarification
( pain with walking)

  • due to arterial spasm
  • NOT a medical emergency 🚨
    • more of a Nusence
33
Q

Acute Arterial Occlusion is a what?

A

MEDICAL EMERGENCY 🚨

because arteries carry blood to the tissues and organs

  • Venous not as important because it’s carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart
34
Q

Emboli does what?

A

Breaks away “travels”

35
Q

Thrombosis do what?

A

Stay put

36
Q

What are types of emboli?

A
  • Fat emboli
  • Air emboli
  • Amniotic fluid emboli - from childbirth
37
Q

Acute arterial occlusion is caused by either a ________ or _________.

A

Embolus OR thrombosis

38
Q

What is an Acute Arterial Occlusion?

A

Sudden event that interrupts arterial flow to affecting tissues or organs

39
Q

Acute Arterial Occlusion manifestations?

A
  • First priority
    - ASSESS your patient
  • Acute onset
  • Cold to the touch
  • The 5 P’s
    - Pallor
    - Pulselessness
    - Pain (lack of O2)
    - Paralysis
    - Paresthesia
40
Q

What is Paresthesia?

A

Numbness and tingling

41
Q

What is paralysis?

A

Inability to move leg

42
Q

What causes Modeling?

A

Skin lacking perfusion

43
Q

What is an Embolectomy?

A

Removal of emboli

44
Q

Treatment for Acute Arterial Occlussion?

A
  • FIX THE PROBLEM
    - Embolectomy
    - Local Thrombolytic ( TPA, Streptokinase therapy)
    - Anticoagulants
45
Q

As a nurse what should you do for a patient with an Acute Arterial Occlussion?

A

CALL THE DOCTOR IMMEDIATELY!

Nurses can’t fix it! Doctor/Surgeon needs to!

46
Q

What is Raynaud Disease?

A

Intense vasospasms of the arteries and arterioles espically in the FINGERS and TOES

47
Q

Manifestations of Raynaud Disease?

A
  • Pallor to cyanosis
  • A sensation of cold
  • Numbness or tingling
48
Q

Raynaud Disease is worse in which population?

A

Young women

49
Q

___________ intensifies Raynaud Disease?

A

Cold

50
Q

What is the #1 treatment for Raynaud Disease?

A

Cover the Fingers and Toes!!

51
Q

Why should smoking be stopped/ why does it make Raynaud(s) Disease worse?

A

Smoking causes vasoconstriction

52
Q

What are Manifestations of Varicose Veins?

A
  • Unsightly veins
  • Can be painful
  • Edema
53
Q

What is the Treatment for Varicose Veins?

A

Sclerotherapy

  • they inject sclero_______ medication into the vein which literally collapses the vein and it never gets used again
54
Q

The highest pressure in the body is in the _________?

A

Aorta

55
Q

DVT leads to _______?

A

PE

56
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis Aka _________________; ___________________.

A

Thrombophlebilits ; Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

57
Q

VTE stands for what?

A

Venous Thromboembolism

58
Q

Causes of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT’s)

A
  • Prolonged bed rest
  • Immobilization
  • Long airplane rides (international)
  • Obesity (increased pressure)
  • Cigarette smoking (vasoconstriction)
  • Oral contraceptives
    =
    MOST COMMON
  • Hyperactivity of blood coagulation
    (Pregnancy, Dehydration)
  • Vascular trauma (surgery)
59
Q

In patients with DVT’s generally _______________________ is affected?

A

Just one leg

60
Q

Manifestations of DVT’s?

A
  • inflammatory process
    - pain
    - unilateral swelling
    - warm to touch
    - deep muscle tenderness
    - positive Homan’s sign
    - Fever
    - malaise (general)
    - elevated white count (stress or inflammation)
    - elevated ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
    - due to inflammation

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (6 decks)

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