Chapter 18- Dissorders Of Blood Flow/ BP Flashcards
Artery Structure…
- Tunica intima =
- Tunica media =
- Tunica exterminate =
- Tunica intima = inner layer
- Tunica media = smooth muscle
- Tunica Externia = outer layer
Tunica intima is composed of ________________?
Endothelial cells
Tunica externia is composed of ____________________________?
Loose connective tissue
Tunica media is composed of ____________________?
Smooth muscle
HDL stands for ?
High density lipoprotein
LDL stands for ?
Low density lipoprotein
________ cholesterol is good?
HDL
_______ cholesterol is bad?
LDL
Total cholesterol should be ____________ or lower?
200 mg/dL or Lower
Medications that end in statins are for what?
Cholesterol
What is Atherosclerosis?
Gardening of the arteries
Atherosclerosis build up leads to ________________ ?
MI (Myocardial Infarction)
Risk factors for Atherosclerosis?
- MAJOR RISK FACTOR = Hypercholesterolemia
- increasing age
- Family history of premature CAD
- Male sex UNTIL women hit menopause
________ helps keep LDL low?
Estrogen
What is an Aneurysm?
Weakening or outpouching of the vessel wall.
What are types of Aneurysms?
- Aortic
- Berry (brain)
- Thoracic
- Abdominal aortic
What is the most common type of Aneurysm?
Abdominal aortic
What is the BIGGEST cause of Aneurysms?
Hypertension
What are the causes of Aneurysms?
- Hypertension
- Congenital defects
- Trauma
- Infections
- Atherosclerosis
Aneurysms are _________ and ____________
Acute
Life threatening
Causes of Thoracic aneurysms?
- Atherosclerosis
- Marfan syndrome
Manifestations of thoracic aneurysms?
- Asymptomatic
- Neck, Back, or substernal pain
- Hoarseness
- Brassy cough
- Dyspnea
- Stridor
** 2 down—> ALL OCCUR IN THE THORACIC REGION**
Manifestations of Abdominal aortic aneurysms?
- SEVERE Back pain (NOTHING makes it better)
- Pulsating mass
Causes of Abdominal aortic aneurysms?
- Hypertension
- Severe atherosclerosis
- smoking
- genetics 🧬
Why do you have to watch/ be able to recognize aneurysms?
Because you don’t know when the aneurysm will rupture!
What is Hemiplegia?
One sided chest pain
What is syncope?
Passing out due to lack of oxygen to the brain 🧠
Why do you want a patient with an aneurysm to be Hypotensive (low BP)?
To keep the aneurysm from rupturing
- Ex: 100 systolic @ the highest
Why do you want a patient with an aneurysm to be kept flat / have minimal to no movement?
More movement = increase HR & increase BP = rupture
What are diagnostic tests for aneurysms?
- aortic angiography
- Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
- CT scan of chest, brain or abdomen
- MRI
What does PAD stand for?
Peripheral artery disease
What is the primary sign and symptom of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)?
Intermittent clarification
( pain with walking)
- due to arterial spasm
- NOT a medical emergency 🚨
- more of a Nusence
Acute Arterial Occlusion is a what?
MEDICAL EMERGENCY 🚨
because arteries carry blood to the tissues and organs
- Venous not as important because it’s carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Emboli does what?
Breaks away “travels”
Thrombosis do what?
Stay put
What are types of emboli?
- Fat emboli
- Air emboli
- Amniotic fluid emboli - from childbirth
Acute arterial occlusion is caused by either a ________ or _________.
Embolus OR thrombosis
What is an Acute Arterial Occlusion?
Sudden event that interrupts arterial flow to affecting tissues or organs
Acute Arterial Occlusion manifestations?
- First priority
- ASSESS your patient - Acute onset
- Cold to the touch
- The 5 P’s
- Pallor
- Pulselessness
- Pain (lack of O2)
- Paralysis
- Paresthesia
What is Paresthesia?
Numbness and tingling
What is paralysis?
Inability to move leg
What causes Modeling?
Skin lacking perfusion
What is an Embolectomy?
Removal of emboli
Treatment for Acute Arterial Occlussion?
- FIX THE PROBLEM
- Embolectomy
- Local Thrombolytic ( TPA, Streptokinase therapy)
- Anticoagulants
As a nurse what should you do for a patient with an Acute Arterial Occlussion?
CALL THE DOCTOR IMMEDIATELY!
Nurses can’t fix it! Doctor/Surgeon needs to!
What is Raynaud Disease?
Intense vasospasms of the arteries and arterioles espically in the FINGERS and TOES
Manifestations of Raynaud Disease?
- Pallor to cyanosis
- A sensation of cold
- Numbness or tingling
Raynaud Disease is worse in which population?
Young women
___________ intensifies Raynaud Disease?
Cold
What is the #1 treatment for Raynaud Disease?
Cover the Fingers and Toes!!
Why should smoking be stopped/ why does it make Raynaud(s) Disease worse?
Smoking causes vasoconstriction
What are Manifestations of Varicose Veins?
- Unsightly veins
- Can be painful
- Edema
What is the Treatment for Varicose Veins?
Sclerotherapy
- they inject sclero_______ medication into the vein which literally collapses the vein and it never gets used again
The highest pressure in the body is in the _________?
Aorta
DVT leads to _______?
PE
Deep Vein Thrombosis Aka _________________; ___________________.
Thrombophlebilits ; Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)
VTE stands for what?
Venous Thromboembolism
Causes of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT’s)
- Prolonged bed rest
- Immobilization
- Long airplane rides (international)
- Obesity (increased pressure)
- Cigarette smoking (vasoconstriction)
- Oral contraceptives
=
MOST COMMON - Hyperactivity of blood coagulation
(Pregnancy, Dehydration) - Vascular trauma (surgery)
In patients with DVT’s generally _______________________ is affected?
Just one leg
Manifestations of DVT’s?
- inflammatory process
- pain
- unilateral swelling
- warm to touch
- deep muscle tenderness
- positive Homan’s sign
- Fever
- malaise (general)
- elevated white count (stress or inflammation)
- elevated ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
- due to inflammation
