Chapter 19

Question 1

Alpha (constituent, charge, mass)-

Answer 1

2 protons 2 neutrons, +2, 4

Question 2

Beta-minus (constituent, charge, mass)-

Answer 2

Electron, -1, Neglible

Question 3

Beta-plus (constituent, charge, mass)-

Answer 3

Positron, +1, Neglible

Question 4

Gamma (constituent, charge, mass)-

Answer 4

Short-wavelength, high-frequency EM wave, 0, 0

Question 5

Alpha (Ionising power, speed, penetrating power)-

Answer 5

Strong, slow, absorbed by paper or a few cm of air.

Question 6

Beta-minus (Ionising power, speed, penetrating power)-

Answer 6

Weak, fast, absorbed by ⁓3cm of aluminium.

Question 7

Beta-plus (Ionising power, speed, penetrating power)-

Answer 7

Annihilated by electron-so virtually zero range.

Question 8

Gamma (Ionising power, speed, penetrating power)-

Answer 8

Very weak, speed of light, absorbed by many cm of lead, or several m of concrete.

Question 9

Where does Alpha emission happen?

Answer 9

In very heavy atoms such as uranium and radium.

Question 10

Where does Beta-minus emission happen?

Answer 10

Neutron-rich nuclei.

Question 11

Where does Beta-plus emission happen?

Answer 11

Proton-rich nuclei.

Question 12

Where does Gamma emission happen?

Answer 12

Nuclei with too much energy.

Question 13

Absorbed dose (Grays)=

Answer 13

Energy deposited (j)/Mass (kg)

Question 14

Effective dose=

Answer 14

absorbed dose x quality factor

Question 15

The quality factor of Alpha, Beta and Gamma-

Answer 15

20, 1, 1.

Question 16

How does the intensity of Gamma radiation change over distance?

Answer 16

Decreases.

Question 17

Erest=

Answer 17

mc²

Question 18

What does Fission mean?

Answer 18

Splitting up into smaller parts.`

Question 19

What does Fusion mean?

Answer 19

Joining nuclei together.