Chapter 19

Question 1

Ecology

Answer 1

• Study of the interactions among organisms and between organisms and their nonliving environment
• Individual, population, community, and the ecosystem

Question 2

Individual level

Answer 2

How an individual organism fares in its surroundings

Question 3

Population level

Answer 3

A group of individuals of the same species living and interacting in the same region

Question 4

Community level

Answer 4

Interacting populations of different species

Question 5

Ecosystem level

Answer 5

Species interacting with other species and the environment

Question 6

Distribution pattern

Answer 6

• Organisms distributed in geographic space
• Depends on resources and interactions with other members of the population
• Reflect behavioral or ecological adaption

Question 7

Random distribution

Answer 7

May allow individuals to maximize their access to resources

Question 8

Clumped distribution

Answer 8

• When resources are unevenly distributed across the landscape
• Or when social behavior dictates grouping

Question 9

Uniform distribution

Answer 9

-Results from territorial behavior

Question 10

Growth rate

Answer 10

• Difference between the birth rate and the death rate

- Influenced by immigration and emigration

Question 11

Immigration

Answer 11

Movement of individuals into a population

Question 12

Emigration

Answer 12

Movement of individuals out of a population

Question 13

Exponential growth

Answer 13

-Unrestricted growth of a population increasing at a constant growth rate

Question 14

Logistic growth

Answer 14

• Starts off fast and then levels off
• Environmental factors will limit an organism’s ability to reproduce
• For example, access to habitat: the physical environment where an organism lives and to which it is adapted

Question 15

Carrying capacity

Answer 15

• The maximum number of individuals that an environment can support given its space and resources
• Upper limit on the size of any population

Question 16

Isle Royale

Answer 16

A number of factors influence the likelihood that wolves will kill moose

Question 17

Population density

Answer 17

Number of organisms per given area

Question 18

Density-dependent factors

Answer 18

-A factor whose influence on population size and growth depends on the number and crowding of individuals in the population

Question 19

Density-independent factors

Answer 19

A factor that influences population size and growth regardless of the numbers and crowding within a population

Question 20

Biotic factors

Answer 20

Living components of an environment

Question 21

Abiotic factors

Answer 21

Nonliving components of an environment

Question 22

Community

Answer 22

Group of interacting populations of different species living together in the same area

Question 23

Ecological niche

Answer 23

-The space, environmental conditions, and resources that a species needs in order to survive and reproduce

Question 24

Competitive Exclusion Principle

Answer 24

-One of the competing species will be driven to extinction

Question 25

Symbiosis

Answer 25

-Relationship in which two different organisms live together, often interdependently

Question 26

Parasitism

Answer 26

-Symbiotic relationship in which one member benefits at the expense of the other

Question 27

Mutualism

Answer 27

-Symbiotic relationship in which both members benefit

Question 28

Commensalism

Answer 28

-Symbiotic relationship in which one member benefits and the other is unharmed

Question 29

Biodiversity

Answer 29

-The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem

Question 30

Species richness

Answer 30

The number of species living in a habitat or other unit

Question 31

Foundation species

Answer 31

-Species which serves as the “base” or “bedrock” of a community; often primary producers and abundant

Question 32

Keystone species

Answer 32

Species on which other species depend; hold community together

Question 33

Disturbance ecology

Answer 33

Fires, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc.

Question 34

Succession

Answer 34

Sequential appearance or disappearance of species over time