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biology 102 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Viridiplantae

A

Land plants and green algae

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2
Q

Green algae split into 2 major clades

A
  • Chlorophytes – Never made it to land

- Charophytes – Did

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3
Q

Land plants have two major features

A
  1. Protected embryos

2. Multicellular haploid and diploid phases

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4
Q

Adaptations to terrestrial life

A
  1. Protection from desiccation by a waxy cuticle and stomata
  2. Evolution of leaves which increase photosynthetic surface area
  3. Shift to a dominant vertical diploid generation
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5
Q

Plant life cycles

A
  • Humans have a diplontic life cycle
  • Plants have a haplodiplontic life cycle
    • Multicellular diploid stage = Sporophyte
    • Multicellular haploid stage = Gametophyte
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6
Q

As more complex plants evolved:

A
  1. Diploid stage became the dominant portion of the life cycle
  2. Gametophyte became more limited in size
  3. Sporophyte became nutritionally independent
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7
Q

Green algae have two distinct lineages

A
  • Chlorophytes – Gave rise to aquatic algae

- Streptophytes – Gave rise to land plants

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8
Q

Chlamydomonas

A
  • Unicellular chlorophyte with two flagella
  • Have eyespots to direct swimming
  • Reproduces asexually as well as sexually
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9
Q

Volvox

A
  • Colonial chlorophyte
  • Hollow sphere of a single layer of 500-60,000 cells
  • A few cells are specialized for reproduction
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10
Q

Ulva

A
  • Multicellular chlorophyte
  • Haplodiplontic life cycle
  • Gametophyte and sporophyte have identical appearance
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11
Q

Charophytes

A

Green algae related to land plants

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12
Q

Two clades of Charophytes

A
  • Charales

- Choleocaetales

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13
Q

Charales

A
  • Macroscopic
  • Plant-like plasmodesmata
  • Sister clade to land plants
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14
Q

Choleocaetales

A
  • Microscopic
  • Plant-like mitosis
  • Next closest plant relatives
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15
Q

Bryophytes

A
  • The closest living descendants of the first land plants

- Called nontracheophytes because they lack tracheids (specialized transport cells)

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16
Q

Liverworts (bryophyte)

A
  • Have flattened gametophytes with liver-like lobes
  • Form gametangia in umbrella-shaped structures
  • Also undergo asexual reproduction
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17
Q

Hornworts (bryophyte)

A
  • Sporophyte has stomata
  • Sporophyte is photosynthetic
  • Cells have a single large chloroplast
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18
Q

Vascular tissues are two types

A
  • Xylem – Conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots
  • Phloem – Conducts sucrose and hormones throughout the plant
  • These enable enhanced height and size in the tracheophytes
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19
Q

Vascular plants (Tracheophyte)

A

Have gametophytes reduced in size and complexity relative to sporophytes

20
Q

Seeds (Tracheophyte)

A
  • Highly-resistant structures that protect the plant embryo

- Occur only in heterosporous plants

21
Q

Fruits (Tracheophyte)

A
  • In flowering plants add a layer of protection to seeds

- Also attract animals that disperse seeds

22
Q

Vascular plants include seven extant phyla grouped in three clades:

A
  1. Lycophytes (club mosses)
  2. Pterophytes (ferns and their relatives)
  3. Seed plants
23
Q

Club mosses (Lycophytes)

A
  • Are the earliest vascular plants
  • They lack seeds
  • Superficially resemble true mosses but they are not related
  • Homosporous or heterosporous
24
Q

Whisk ferns (Pterophytes)

A
  • Saprophyte consists of evenly forking green stems without leaves or roots
  • Some gametophytes develop elements of vascular tissue
  • Only one known to do so
25
Q

Horsetails (Pterophytes)

A
  • All 15 living species are homosporous
  • Constitute a single species, Equisetum
  • Consist of ribbed, jointed photosynthetic stems that arise from branching rhizomes
26
Q

Ferns (Pterophytes)

A
  • The most abundant group of seedless vascular plants with about 11,000 species
  • The conspicuous sporophyte and much smaller gametophyte are both photosynthetic
27
Q

Fern morphology

A
  • Sporophytes have rhizomes
  • Fronds (leaves) develop at the tip of the rhizome as tightly rolled-up coils
  • They unroll and expand
28
Q

Fern reproduction

A
  • Most fern are homosporous
  • Produce distinctive sporangia in clusters called sori on the back of the fronds
  • Diploid spore mother cells in sporangia produce haploid spores by meiosis
  • At maturity, the spores are catapulted by snapping action
29
Q

Seed plants

A

-Evolved from spore-bearing plants known as progymnosperms

30
Q

The seed represents an important advance

A
  1. Protects the embryo
  2. Easily dispersed
  3. Introduces a dormant phase in the life cycle
31
Q

Seed plants produce 2 kinds of gametophytes

A
  • Male gametophytes
    - Pollen grains
    - Dispersed by wind or a pollinator
  • Female gametophytes
    - Develop within an ovule
    - Enclosed within diploid sporophyte tissue
32
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Plants with naked seeds

33
Q

Conifers (gymnosperm)

A

The largest gymnosperm phylum

34
Q

Pines (gymnosperm)

A
  • Leaves have:
    1. Thick cuticle and recessed stomata
    2. Canals into which cells secrete resin
35
Q

Cycads (gymnosperm)

A
  • Slow-growing gymnosperms of tropical and subtropical regions
  • Sporophytes resemble palm trees
36
Q

Gnetophytes (gymnosperm)

A

-Only gymnosperms with vessels in their xylem

37
Q

Ginkgophytes (gymnosperm)

A

-Only one living species remains

38
Q

Dioecious

A

-Male and female reproductive structures form on different trees

39
Q

Angiosperm

A

The flowering plants

40
Q

Archaefructus

A

The oldest known angiosperm in the fossil record

41
Q

Amborella

A

The closest living relative to the original angiosperm

42
Q

Flower morphology

A
  • Primordium develops into a bud at the end of a stalk called the pedicel
  • Pedicel expands at the tip to form a receptacle, to which other parts attach
  • Flower parts are organized in circles called whorls
43
Q

Flower morphology continued

A
  • Outermost whorl = Sepals
    • Second whorl = Petals
    • Third whorl = Stamens (androecium)
      • Each stamen has a pollen-bearing anther and a filament (stalk)
    • Innermost whorl = Gynoecium
      • Consists of one or more carpels that house the female gametophyte
44
Q

Carpel structure

A
  • Three major regions
    - Ovary = Swollen base containing ovules
    - Later develops into a fruit
    - Stigma = Tip
    - Style = Neck or stalk
45
Q

Pollination

A

The mechanical transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

46
Q

Angiosperms include:

A

Eudicots- Use flowers to attract insect pollinators

Monocots- Some rely on wind for pollination

biology 102 (12 decks)

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