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biology 102 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microfossils

A

Fossilized forms of microscopic life

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2
Q

Stromatolites

A

Mats of cyanobacterial cells that trap mineral deposits;

Oldest are 2.7 billion years old

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3
Q

Biomarkers

A

Organic molecules of biological origin

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4
Q

Prokaryotic diversity

A

oldest, structurally simplest forms of life;
Ubiquitous;
Bacteria and archaea (many are extremophiles)

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5
Q

Prokaryotic features

A 
Unicellularity;
Small;
Single circular double-stranded DNA chromosome found in the nucleoid;
No membrane-bounded organelles;
Cell division by binary fission;
Genetic recombination occurs through horizontal gene transfer;
Metabolic diversity;
Chemolithotrophic
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6
Q

Metabolic diveristy

A

Two types of photosynthesis:

  1. Oxygenic = Produces oxygen
  2. Anoxygenic = Non-oxygen producing
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7
Q

Plasma membrane (bacteria vs archaea)

A

Bacterial lipids are unbranched;

Archaeal lipids are branched

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8
Q

Cell wall (bacteria vs archaea)

A

Bacteria have Peptidoglycan;

Archaea lack that

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9
Q

DNA replication (bacteria vs archaea)

A

Archaeal DNA is more similar to that of eukaryotes

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10
Q

Gene expression (bacteria vs archaea)

A

Archaeal transcription and translation are more similar to those of eukaryotes

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11
Q

Early classification characteristics

A
  1. Photosynthetic or non-photosynthetic
  2. Motile or nonmotile
  3. Unicellular or filamentous
  4. Formation of spores or division by transverse binary fission
  5. Importance as human pathogens or not
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12
Q

Prokaryotic shapes

A 
Bacillus= Rod-shaped
Coccus= Spherical
Spirillum= Helical-shaped
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13
Q

Bacterial Cell Wall

A

Maintains shape and protects the cell wall from swelling and rupturing;
consists of peptidoglycan;
basis of gram stain

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14
Q

Two main types of bacterial cell wall

A
  1. Gram-positive

2. Gram-negative

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15
Q

S-layer

A

A rigid paracrystalline layer found in some bacteria and archaea;
Aids in attachment

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16
Q

Capsule

A
  • A gelatinous layer found in some bacteria
  • Aids in attachment
  • Protects from the immune system
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17
Q

Pili

A
  • Short, hairlike structures
  • Found in Gram-negative bacteria
  • Aid in attachment and conjugation
18
Q

Flagella

A
  • Long, helical structures
  • Composed of the protein flagellin
  • Involved in locomotion
19
Q

Nucleoid region

A
  • Contains the single, circular chromosome

- May also contain plasmids

20
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Smaller than those of eukaryotes and differ in protein and RNA content
  • Targeted by antibacterial antibiotics
21
Q

Internal membranes

A
  • Invaginated cell membrane

- For respiration or photosynthesis

22
Q

Endospores

A
  • Highly-resistant structures
  • Released upon cell lysis
  • Can germinate back to normal cell
23
Q

Prokaryotic gene transfer

A
  • Conjugation = Cell-to-cell contact
  • Transduction = By bacteriophages
  • Transformation = From the environment
24
Q

Conjugation

A
  • based on the presence of the F plasmid
  • F+ cells contain the plasmid
  • F- cells do not
  • The F+ cell produce an F pilus that connects it to an F- cell
25
Q

R(resistance) Plasmids

A

-Encode antibiotic resistance genes

26
Q

Virulence plasmids

A

-Encode genes for pathogenic traits

27
Q

Mutualism

A

Both parties benefit

28
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits and the other is unaffected

29
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism benefits and the other is harmed

30
Q

Decomposers

A

Release a dead organism’s atoms to the environment

31
Q

Photosynthesizers

A

Fix carbon into sugars

32
Q

Nitrogen

A

Fixers that reduce N2 to NH3 (ammonia

33
Q

Protists

A 
Most diverse of the 4 eukaryotic kingdoms;
Paraphyletic;
Plasma membrane;
Cysts;
Flagella;
Cilia;
Pseudopodia
34
Q

Beneficial protists

A
  • Protists are a food source
  • Protists provide food as a symbiont
  • Act as decomposers
35
Q

Fungi

A

Single-celled or multicellular;
Sexual or asexual;
Specialized to extract and absorb nutrients from surroundings

36
Q

Biology of fungi

A

Multicellular fungi consist of long, slender filaments called hyphae;
Cytoplasm flows throughout hyphae;
Mycelium – mass of connected hyphae;
Fungal cell walls include chitin;
Hyphae may have more than one nucleus;
Heterokaryotic – nuclei from genetically distinct individuals;
Homokaryotic – nuclei are genetically similar to one another;
Fungi lack centrioles

37
Q

Fungi nutrition

A

Obtain food by secreting digestive enzymes into surroundings;
Then absorb the organic molecules produced by this external digestion;
Fungi can break down cellulose and lignin

38
Q

Fungi symbioses

A
  • Obligate symbiosis – essential for fungus survival

- Facultative symbiosis – nonessential

39
Q

Fungi interactions

A
  • Pathogen – pathogens harm host by causing disease
  • Parasites cause harm to host (do not cause disease)
  • Commensal relationships benefit one partner but does not harm the other
  • Mutualistic relationships benefit both partners
40
Q

Fungi disadvantages

A

Cause diseases in plants;
Secrete substances making foods poisonous;
Cause human and animal diseases

biology 102 (12 decks)

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