Chapter 18 Vocabulary Flashcards
A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates gene transcription. In prokaryotes, these bind in or near the promoter; in eukaryotes, they bind to control elements in enhancers.
activator
A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns.
alternative RNA splicing
Structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialties during multicellular organisms development. This depends on the control of gene expression.
Cell differention
Segment of noncoding DNA that helps regulate transcription of a gene by binding a transcription factor. Multiple of these are preset in eukaryotic genes enhancer.
Control element
Small molecule that Biden’s to bacterial repressor protein and changes its cheaper, allowing it to switch and operon on and off.
Corepressor
A ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells. Its also a regulator of some bacterial operons.
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Material substance, such as protein or RNA placed into egg that influences the course of early development by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cells.
Cytoplasmic determinants
Progressive restriction of developmental potential in which possible fate of each cell becomes more limited as an embryo develops. At the end of this,a cell is committed to its fate.
Determination
Expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome
Differential gene expression
Gene that helps control orientation(polarity) of egg, also called maternal effect gene
Egg-polarity gene
Segment of eukaryotic DNA containing multiple control elements, usually located fat the gene whose transcription it regulates.
Enhancer
Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence of a genome.
Epigenetic Inheritance
Method of metabolic control in which the end product of metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of enzyme within that pathway.
Feedback inhibition
Phenomomen in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the alleles is inherited from the male or female parent.
Genomic Imprinting
Small protein with high proportion of positively charged amino acid that Biden’s to negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatin structure.
Histone
Attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins
Histone acytylation
Master of regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants, +fungi by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells.
Homeotic gene
Specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the repressors shape s that it cannot bind to operator, thus switching it on.
Inducer
Process in which one group of embryonic cells influence developmental of another usually by causing changes in gene expression.
Induction
Small single stranded RNA molecule, generated from hairprin structure on precursor RNA transcribed from particular gene. Associated with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an complementary sequence.
Micro-RNA (miRNA)
Gene found in viral or cellular genomes that is involved in triggering molecular events that can lead to cancer.
Oncogene
Bacterial DNA: sequence of nucleotides, near start of operon to which an active repressor can attach. Binding of repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to promoter and transcribing the genes of protein.
Operator
Unit of genetic function found in bacteria and phages, consisting of promoter, operator, coordinately regulated cluster of genes whose products function in a common pathway.
Operon
Tumor suppressor gene that codes for specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of cell-cycle inhibiting proteins
p53
Development of nuclear multicellular organisms spatial organization, arrangement of organs and issues in their characteristics places in three-dimensional space
Pattern formation
Molecular cues that control pattern formation in animal or plant embryonic structure by indicating a cells location relative to the organisms body axes. These cues elicit a response by genes that regulate development,
Positional information
Giant protein complex recognizing and destroying proteins tagged for elimination by small protein ubiquitin
Proteasome
Normal cellular gene that has potential to become an oncogene
Proto-oncogene
Codes from RAS, a G protein that relays growth signal from a growth factor receptor on that plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinase. ultimately resulting in stimulation of cell cycle.
Ras gene
Gene that comes from protein, such as repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes
regulatory gene
Protein inhibiting gene transcription. Proartyoes, they bind to DNA or near promotes, in euk- they may bind to control elements within enhancers to activators, or to other proteins in a way that blocks activators from binding to DNA
Repressor
Technique used to silence expression of selected genes. Uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules that match sequence of particular gene to trigger breakdown of genes messenger RNA
RNA interference (RNAi)
Small- single stranded RNA molecule generated by cellular machinery from long double stranded RNA molecule. Associated with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of MRNA with commentary sequence. Can also block transctio by promoting chromatin modification
Small interfacing RNA (siRNA)
Gene whose protein inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer,
Tumor-supressor gene
