Chapter 11 Vocabulary

Question 1

Adenylyl Cyclase

Answer 1

An enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a signal

Question 2

Amplification

Answer 2

The strengthening of stimulus energy for transduction

Question 3

Apoptosis

Answer 3

Controlled cell suicide program, brought on by signals that trigger activation of a cascade of suicide proteins destined to die

Question 4

Biofilm

Answer 4

Surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation

Question 5

Cyclic AMP

Answer 5

Cyclic adenosine mono phosphate, ring-shaped molecule made from ATP (common intracellular signaling molecule: second messenger in eukaryotic cells). + regulator of bacterial operons

Question 6

Cytoplasm

Answer 6

Contents of cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by plasma membrane

Question 7

Epinephrine

Answer 7

Catecholamine that when secreted as hormone (by adrenal medulla) mediated f or f responses (short terms stress). AKA adrenaline

Question 8

G Protein

Answer 8

GTP-binding protein relaying signals from membrane receptor (G protein-coupled receptor) to other signal tranduction protein inside the cell

Question 9

Gap junction

Answer 9

Type of intercellular junction in animals allowing passage of materials between cells

Question 10

Glycogen

Answer 10

Extensively branches glucose storage polysaccharide (found in liver and muscle) AKA muscle equivalent of starch

Question 11

Growth factor

Answer 11

1. Protein must be present in extracellular environment for growth and normal development of certain types of cells
2. Local regulator on nearby cells to stimulate proliferation and differentiation

Question 12

Inositol tri-phosphate (IP3)

Answer 12

2nd Messenger functioning as intermediate between non steroid hormones and 3rd messenger (rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration)

Question 13

Ligand

Answer 13

Molecule binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one

Question 14

Ligand-gated Ion Channel

Answer 14

Protein pore in cellular Membranes opening or closing in response to signaling chemicals, it allows for block or flow of ions

Question 15

Local Regulator

Answer 15

Molecule secreted that influences cells near secretion site

Question 16

Nitric Oxide (NO)

Answer 16

Gas produced by many types of cells function as local regulators and neurotransmitters

Question 17

Protein kinase

Answer 17

Enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein, phosphorylating the protein

Question 18

Protein Phosphatase

Answer 18

Enzyme that removes phosphate groups from proteins, therefore dephosphorylating it, often functions to reverse effects of protein kinase

Question 19

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

Answer 19

Receptor protein in membrane whose intercellular part can catalyze the transfer of phosphate group from ATP to another protein. Respond to binding by dimerizing and phosphorylating a tyrosine of other receptor in dimer (then activates signal transduction proteins)

Question 20

Second messenger

Answer 20

Small, non-protein, water-soluble molecule or ion or cyclic AMP, relaying a signal to cell interior in response to signaling molecules bound by signal receptor protein

Question 21

Signal transduction pathway

Answer 21

Series of steps that link mechanical or chemical stimulus to specific response

Question 22

Testosterone

Answer 22

Steroid hormone required for male reproductive system development, secondary sex characteristics (major androgen in mammals)

Question 23

Transcription Factor

Answer 23

Regulatory protein binding to DNA and affecting transcription of specific genes

Question 24

Transduction

Answer 24

1. Type of horizontal gene transfer which viruses carry bacteria DNA from one host cell to another
2. Cellular communication (conversion of signal from outside to form that can bring response)