Chapter 12 Vocabulary Flashcards
The 4th stage of mitosis where the chromatids of each chromosome separate and the daughter chromosomes are moving to opposite poles of the cell.
Anaphase
A mass of abnormal cells remaining at the site of the origin
Benign tumor
Asexual reproduction method that stands for “division in half”. It does not involve mitosis in prokaryotes, but when single-celled eukaryotes undergo this process, mitosis does occur.
Binary fission
Ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin of division from a parent cell to its own division into two
Cell Cycle
Reproduction of cells
Cell Division
Double membrane across mid-line of a dividing plant cell, new cell walls forms during cytokinesis
Cell plate
The specialized region of chromosomes where two sister chromatids are most closely attached.
Centromere
An important structure during cell division present in the cytoplasm of animals cells, functions as a microtubule-organizing center. (contains two centrioles)
Centrosome
A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals regulate the cycle
Checkpoint
Complex of DNA and proteins that make up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not being divided, it exists in its dispersed form (long, thin fiber not visible with light microscope).
Chromatin
Cellular structure that carries genetic material and is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
Chromosome
1) Process of cytokinesis in animal cells (pinching of membrane)
2) Succession of rapid cell division without significant growth during early embryo development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells.
Cleavage
Cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration & plays a significant role in cell cycle regulation
Cyclin
Protein kinase that’s only active when attached to a particular cyclin.
(CDK) Cyclin-dependent kinase
Division of cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I and II.
Cytokinesis
Phenomenon observed in normal animal cells causing them to stop dividing when coming into contact with one another.
Density-dependent inhibition
Non dividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle.
G0 Phase
First gap (growth phase) of the cell cycle. Consists of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.
G1 Phase
Second gap (growth phase) of cell cycle that consists of portion of the interphase AFTER synthesis of DNA occurs
G2 Phase
Haploid reproductive cell (egg or sperm) that unites during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.
Gamete
Genetic material of organism/virus. The complete complement of an organism or viruses genes along with its non-coding nucleic acid sequences.
Genome
1)Protein that must be present in extracellular environment for growth and normal development of certain types of cells
2) Local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation
Growth factor
Period in cell cycle when cell is not dividing.
Interphase
Structure of proteins attached to centromere that links each sister chromatid to mitotic spindle
Kinetochore
Cancerous tumor that’s invasive enough to impair functions
Malignant tumor
Second (sometimes third) stage of mitosis, the spindle is complete and chromosomes attached to microtubules and aligned in the middle
Metaphase
Spread of cancer cells to locations distant from original site
Metastasis
Process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into 5 stages (pro, prometa, meta, ana, and telo)
Mitosis
Assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that’s involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis
Mitotic spindle
Second (sometimes not considered) stage of Mitosis; discrete chromosomes consisting of sister chromatids appear, nuclear envelope fragments, & spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores of chromosomes
Prometaphase
First stage of Mitosis, chromatin condenses, mitotic spindle forms, nucleolus disappears (nucleus remains intact)
Prophase
Synthesis phase of cell cycle (DNA is replicated)
S phase
Either of 2 copies of duplicated chromosome attached to each other by centromere (make up one chromosome when joined)
Sister Chromatid
Any cell in a multicellular organisms except a sperm or egg
Somatic cell
Fifth (sometimes fourth) and final stage of Mitosis. Daughter nuclei forming
Telophase
1) Conversion of normal animal cell to cancerous cell
2) Change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA by cell
Transformation
