Chapter 18 - Pathology Flashcards
Goiter (!!!)
Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to a lack of iodine in the diet.
Hyperthroidism
Overactivity of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis = too much thyroid hormone produced in the body
Thyroid carcinoma
Cancer of the thyroid gland
Hypothyroidism
Underactivity of the thyroid gland
Hyperparathyroidism
- Excessive production of parathormone (parathyroid hormone).
- Leads to hypercalcemia = excessive amount of calcium in the blood
Hypoparathyroidism
- Deficient production of parathyroid hormone.
2. Leads to hypocalcemia = abnormally low calcium in the blood, which then leads to tetany
Adrenal virilism
Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens
Cushing syndrome (!!!)
- Group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex.
- Obesity, moon face, thoracic fat deposition.
Addison disease (!!!)
- Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex. Basically aldosterone and cortisol blood levels are low.
- Deficient minearlocorticoids and glucocorticoids, hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, and low blood pressure.
Pheochromocytoma
- Benign tumor of the adrenal medulla
- Excess epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Hypertension, tachycardia, palpitations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of face, and muscle spasms.
Hyperinsulinism
Excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia.
Basically, an overdose of insulin, and hypoglycemia is due to insulin drawing sugar out of the bloodstream.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells.
Type I Diabetes
- Autoimmune disease
- Before age 30 (formerly called juvenile diabetes)
- Little or no insulin production by the pancreas
- Thin or normal body weight at onset
- Hyperglycemia leading to ketoacidosis occurring often
What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes?
- Polyuria = frequent, excessive urination
- Polydipsia = excessive thirst
- Polyphagia = excessive hunger or increased appetite
- Abrupt, rapid onset of symptoms
What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?
Insulin
Type 2 diabetes
- Usually after age 30
- Insulin usually present
- 85% are obese
- Ketoacidosis seldom occurs
What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes?
Gradual onset; asymptomatic
Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia are all “sometimes seen”
What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?
Diet; oral hypoglycemics or insulin
Acromegaly (!!!!)
- Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities.
- Disease that causes acromegaly is mainly the benign tumor (adenoma) of the pituitary gland. It secretes excessive amounts of growth hormone.
Gigantism
Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrown of body tissues.
Dwarfism
Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism.
Panhypopituitarism
Deficiency of all pituitary hormones
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and water retention.
Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
- Insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (deficient ADH)(vasopressin).
- Polyuria and ploydipsia symptoms
