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Medical Terminology Part 10 > Chapter 18 - Important Slides > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - Important Slides Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of endocrine gland?

A
  1. Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream

2. Ductless

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2
Q

What is the function of exocrine gland?

A

Send chemicals substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) through ducts to the outside of the body.

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3
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A
  1. It is an endocrine gland that is composed of the right and left lobe on either side of the trachea.
  2. Secretes thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin
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4
Q

What is parathyroid gland?

A
  1. Small, pea-sized endocrine gland

2. 4 small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland.

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5
Q

What is the adrenal glands (one pair)?

A
  1. An endocrine gland

2. 2 small glands, one on top of each kidney and consists of two parts (outer and inner portion).

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6
Q

What and where is the pancreas (islets of Langerhans)?

A
  1. An endocrine and exocrine gland located behind the stomach. Endocrine function is the islets of Langerhans
  2. Secrete enzyme through a duct into the small intestine to aid in digestion.
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7
Q

Where and what is the pituitary gland located?

A
  1. An endocrine gland that is located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica.
  2. Also called hypophysis
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8
Q

Where and what is the ovaries?

A
  1. Endocrine gland that is located in the lower abdomen of a female
  2. Responsible for egg production, and estrogen and progesterone secretion.
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9
Q

Where and what is the testes?

A
  1. Endocrine gland that has two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male
  2. Responsible for sperm and testosterone secretion
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10
Q

What and where is the pineal gland?

A
  1. Endocrine gland that is located in the central portion of the brain
  2. Secretes melatonin, which is body’s biological clock and induces sleep
  3. Has been linked to SAD (seasonal affective disorder), person suffering from depression in winter months
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11
Q

What is the structure that produces the “Adam’s apple”

A

Thyroid cartilage

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12
Q

What are the 3 hormones released by thyroid? (!!!)

A
  1. T3 = triiodothyronine
  2. T4 = Thyroxine
  3. Calcitonin
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13
Q

What is the main function of the thyroid hormone? (!!!)

A

Aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate

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14
Q

What is the function of calcitonin? (!!!)

A
  1. Decreases blood calcium. It is secreted by thyroid gland when calcium levels are too high.
  2. Stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone
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15
Q

What is the shared function of the T3 and T4 thyroid hormone?

A

Increases metabolism

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16
Q

What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A
  1. Secreted by parathyroid gland which increases the blood calcium
  2. Causes calcium to mobilize from bones into the bloodstream
17
Q

What is the adrenal cortex? (!!!)

A
  1. It is the OUTER portion of the adrenal glands

2. Secretes corticosteroids or steroids (chemicals derived from cholesterol)

18
Q

What is the adrenal medulla? (!!!)

A
  1. INNER portion of the adrenal glands

2. Secretes catecholamines (chemicals derived from amino acids).

19
Q

What are the 3 types of corticosteroids secreted by adrenal cortex?

A
  1. Glucocorticoids
  2. Mineralocorticoids
  3. Gonadocorticoids (sex hormones)
20
Q

What is the function of glucocorticoids (cortisol)? (!!!)

A
  1. Influence metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins (cortisol). Increases blood glucose during stress.
  2. Anti-inflammatory. Cortisone does same function here.
  3. Main influence: SUGAR!
21
Q

What is the main functions of mineralocorticoids? (!!!)

A
  1. Regulates electrolytes.
  2. Aldosterone (major one): reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium. Regulates blood pressure.
  3. Main influence: SALT!
22
Q

What is the main function of gonadocorticoids? (!!!)

A
  1. Also known as sex hormones. Secretes androgens and estrogens
  2. Influences the secondary sexual characteristics for boys and girls
  3. Main influence: SEX!
23
Q

What are the two types of catecholamine? And secreted by who?

A
  1. Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
  2. Secreted by adrenal medulla
24
Q

What is the function of epinephrine?

A

Increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, and stimulates glucose production.

25
Q

What is the function of norepinephrine?

A

Constricts blood vessels to raise blood pressure

26
Q

What does both epinephrine and norepinephrine do similarly?

A

Both are sympathomimetic agents, meaning both raises blood pressure

27
Q

What does the islet of Langerhans produce?

A
  1. Insulin

2. Glucagon

28
Q

What is the function of insulin in pancreas?

A
  1. Lowers blood sugar by converting glucose to glycogen.

2. Moves glucose into cells and promotes glycogen storage

29
Q

What is the function of the glucagon in pancreas?

A
  1. Raises blood sugar by converting glycogen to glucose.

2. Moves glucose into blood by breaking down glycogen in cells.

30
Q

What are the two parts to the pituitary gland?

A
  1. Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)

2. Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

Medical Terminology Part 10 (9 decks)

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