Chapter 18: Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
nutrient
A
Chemical that the
body requires from the environment.
2
Q
macronutrient
A
Nutrient (carbohydrate, lipid, and
protein) required in large amount.
3
Q
micronutrient
A
Nutrient (vitamin or mineral)
required in small amount.
4
Q
nutrition
A
Study of the
sources, actions, and interactions of
nutrients.
5
Q
essential nutrient
A
Nutrient necessary for growth, normal functioning, and maintaining life that the diet must supply because the body cannot synthesize it.
6
Q
neuropeptide
A
Peptide
in the brain that functions as a
neurotransmitter or neuromodulator.
7
Q
cellulose
A
Polysaccharide
abundant in plant tissues that
human digestive enzymes cannot
break down.
7
Q
beta oxidation
A
Chemical process that breaks fatty
acids down into molecules of acetyl
which bind coenzyme A, entering
the citric acid cycle.
8
Q
essential fatty acid
A
Fatty acid required for health that
body cells cannot synthesize in
adequate amounts.
9
Q
deamination
A
Removing amino groups (NH2) from
amino acids.
9
Q
urea
A
Nonprotein nitrogenous
substance produced as a result of
protein metabolism.
10
Q
essential amino acid
A
Amino acid required for health
that body cells cannot synthesize in
adequate amounts.
11
Q
complete protein
A
Protein that contains adequate amounts of the essential amino acids to maintain body tissues and to promote normal growth and development.
12
Q
nitrogen balance
A
Condition in which the amount of
nitrogen ingested equals the amount
excreted.
13
Q
calorie
A
Unit that measures
heat energy and the energy contents
of foods.
14
Q
basal metabolic rate
A
Rate of metabolic reactions
when the body is at rest; BMR.
15
Q
body mass index
A
A measure of relative weight (underweight, normal weight, overweight, obesity) calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters; BMI.
16
Q
obesity
A
Excess adipose
tissue; a body mass index greater
than 30.
17
Q
energy balance
A
When
the caloric intake of the body equals
its caloric output.
18
Q
vitamin
A
Organic compound other than a carbohydrate, lipid, or protein needed for normal metabolism but that the body cannot synthesize in adequate amounts and must therefore be obtained in the diet.
19
Q
provitamin
A
Precursor
of a vitamin.
20
Q
thiamine
A
Vitamin of the
B-complex group; vitamin B1.
21
Q
riboflavin
A
A vitamin of
the B-complex group; vitamin B2.
22
Q
niacin
A
Vitamin of the
B-complex group; nicotinic acid.
23
pantothenic acid
Vitamin of the B-complex group;
| vitamin B5.
24
pyridoxine
A vitamin
| of the B-complex group; vitamin B6.
25
Cyanocobalamin
Vitamin b12
26
Folacin
B complex vitamin
necessary for normal cellular
synthetic processes; folic acid.
27
biotin
A water-soluble
vitamin; member of the vitamin B
complex.
28
Ascorbic acid
One of
the water-soluble vitamins; vitamin
C.
29
mineral
Inorganic element
| essential in human metabolism.
30
trace element
Basic
chemical substance needed in small
quantity.
31
food pyramid
Triangular structure divided into
sections representing different types
and proportions of nutrients the
body requires.
32
malnutrition
Symptoms resulting from lack of
| specific nutrients.
33
dietary sources: carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
starch from plant foods; glycogen from meats
33
dietary sources: carbohydrates (disaccharides)
milk sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar, mollasses
33
dietary sources: carbohydrates (monosaccharides)
honey, fruit
34
dietary sources: lipids (triglycerides) - saturated fats
meat, eggs, milk, lard, palm, coconut oil
34
dietary sources: lipids (triglycerides) - unsaturated fats
seeds, nuts, plant oils
34
dietary sources: lipids (triglycerides) - monounsaturated fats
oil, peanut, canola oil
34
dietary sources: lipids (triglycerides) - cholesterol
liver, egg yolk, whole milk, butter, cheese, meats
35
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vit A, Vit D, Vit E, Vit K
35
Water Soluble Vitamins
THiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid, Vitamin B6, Cyanocobalamin, Folic acid, Biotin, Vitamin C
35
Use: Carbohydrate
oxidized for energy; used in production of ribose, deoxyribose, and lactose; stored in liver and muscles as glycogen; converted to fats and stored in adipose tissue
35
marasmus
Starvation due
| to profound nutrient deficiency.
35
Use: Lipids
energy; production of triglycerides, phospholipids, lipoproteins, and cholesterol
36
Use: Proteins
production of protein molecules used to build cell structure and to function as enzymes or hormones; used in the transport of oxygen, regulation of water balance, control of pH, formation of antibodies; amino acids may be broken down and oxidized for energy or converted to carbohydrates or fats for storage
36
Factors that effect energy requirement
gender, body size, body temp, endocrine gland activity
36
positive energy balance
caloric intake exceeds output
36
kwashiorkor
Starvation resulting from a switch
from breast milk to food deficient in
protein.
36
negative energy balance
caloric output exceeds input
37
ascites
Serous fluid
accumulation in the abdominal
cavity.
37
Function: Vitamin A
B-carotene; synthesis of visual pigments,
37
Source: Vitamin A
liver, dairy products, fruits and vegetables
38
bulimia
Disorder of binge
| eating followed by purging.
38
Function: Vitamin D
calcium absorption
38
Sources: Vitamin D
liver oil, milk (fortified, fish
39
Function: Vitamin E
Alpha tocopherol - antioxidant; healing
39
Source: Vitamin E
many (deficiencies rare)
40
Function: Vitamin K
blood clotting, prothrombin and other blood clotting protiens
40
Sources: Vitamin K
many
41
Hypervitaminosis
toxic overdose of A and/or D
41
Deficiencies
Vit A (night time blindness); Vit D (Rickets); Vitamin K (bleeding disorders); Vitamin E (hemolytic anemia in newborns)
42
Function: Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid - antioxidant, collagen synthesis
42
Source: Vitamin C
many plants
43
Function: Thiamine
B1 - helps turn pyruvate into acetyl coa
43
Function: Riboflavin
FAD production
44
Pyridoxine
B6 - amino acid metabolism
44
Folicin
Folic Acid - coenzyme needed for DNA synthesis
44
Patothenic Acid
B5 - coA (energy reactions)
44
Cyanocobalmin
B12 - absorption requires intrinsic factor; nucleic acid synthesis, red blood cells, myelin formation
44
Biotin
needed for amino acid and fatty acid metabolism
45
Calcium
bones and teeth, essential for neurotransmitter release, muscle fiber contraction, blood coagulation, enzyme activation, increases cell membrane permeability
45
Phosphorus
bones and teeth, in nearly all metabolic reactions; in nucleic acids, many proteins, some enzymes, some vitamins; in cell membrane, ATP, and phosphates of body fluids
46
Potassium
helps maintain intracellular osmotic pressure and regulate pH; required for nerve impulse conduction
46
Sulfur
essential part of certain amino acids, thiamine, insulin, biotin, and mucopolysaccharides
47
Sodium
helps maintain osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids; regulates water movement; plays a role in nerve impulse conduction; regulates pH and transport of substances across cell membranes
47
Chlorine
helps maintain osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids, regulates pH; maintains electrolyte balance; forms hydrochloric acid; aids transport of carbon dioxide by red blood cells
48
Magnesium
required in metabolic reactions in mitochondria that produce ATP; plays a role in the breakdown of ATP to ADP
48
Iron
part of hemoglobin molecule; catalyzes formation of vitamin A; incorporated into a number of enzymes
49
Manganese
activates enzymes required for fatty acids and cholesterol synthesis, formation of urea, and normal functioning of the nervous system
49
Copper
essential for hemoglobin synthesis, bone development, melanin production, myelin formation
50
Iodine
essential component for synthesis of thyroid hormones
50
Cobalt
component of cyanocobalamin; required for synthesis of several enzymes
51
Zinc
component of enzymes involved in digestion, respirations, bone metabolism, liver metabolism; necessary for normal wound healing and maintaining integrity of the skin
51
Fluorine
component of tooth structure
52
Selenium
components of certain enzymes
52
Chromium
essential for use of carbohydrates
53
Liver's role in fat metabolism
Synthesis of triglycerides, phospholipids, lipoproteins. Controls amount of cholesterol.
53
Folicin
Folic Acid - coenzyme needed for DNA synthesis
54
Biotin
needed for amino acid and fatty acid metabolism
54
Calcium
bones and teeth, essential for neurotransmitter release, muscle fiber contraction, blood coagulation, enzyme activation, increases cell membrane permeability
54
Phosphorus
bones and teeth, in nearly all metabolic reactions; in nucleic acids, many proteins, some enzymes, some vitamins; in cell membrane, ATP, and phosphates of body fluids
54
Potassium
helps maintain intracellular osmotic pressure and regulate pH; required for nerve impulse conduction
54
Sulfur
essential part of certain amino acids, thiamine, insulin, biotin, and mucopolysaccharides
54
Sodium
helps maintain osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids; regulates water movement; plays a role in nerve impulse conduction; regulates pH and transport of substances across cell membranes
54
Manganese
activates enzymes required for fatty acids and cholesterol synthesis, formation of urea, and normal functioning of the nervous system
54
Chlorine
helps maintain osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids, regulates pH; maintains electrolyte balance; forms hydrochloric acid; aids transport of carbon dioxide by red blood cells
54
Magnesium
required in metabolic reactions in mitochondria that produce ATP; plays a role in the breakdown of ATP to ADP
54
Iron
part of hemoglobin molecule; catalyzes formation of vitamin A; incorporated into a number of enzymes
54
Manganese
activates enzymes required for fatty acids and cholesterol synthesis, formation of urea, and normal functioning of the nervous system
55
Copper
essential for hemoglobin synthesis, bone development, melanin production, myelin formation
55
Iodine
essential component for synthesis of thyroid hormones
55
Cobalt
component of cyanocobalamin; required for synthesis of several enzymes
55
Zinc
component of enzymes involved in digestion, respirations, bone metabolism, liver metabolism; necessary for normal wound healing and maintaining integrity of the skin
55
Fluorine
component of tooth structure
55
Selenium
components of certain enzymes
55
Chromium
essential for use of carbohydrates
55
Copper
essential for hemoglobin synthesis, bone development, melanin production, myelin formation
55
Iodine
essential component for synthesis of thyroid hormones
55
Cobalt
component of cyanocobalamin; required for synthesis of several enzymes
55
Zinc
component of enzymes involved in digestion, respirations, bone metabolism, liver metabolism; necessary for normal wound healing and maintaining integrity of the skin
55
Fluorine
component of tooth structure
55
Selenium
components of certain enzymes
55
Chromium
essential for use of carbohydrates
55
Liver's role in fat metabolism
Synthesis of triglycerides, phospholipids, lipoproteins. Controls amount of cholesterol.
