Chapter 18 - Gastrointestinal And Ironic Emergencies Flashcards
_____________ pain is a common complaint.
Abdominal
The cause of abdominal pain is often ____________ to identify.
Difficult
Abdominal cavity contains __________ and _________ organs that make up 3 systems.
solid
Hollow
Name the 3 systems that make up the abdominal cavity.
Gastrointestinal system
Genital system
Urinary system
Name the solid organs in the abdominal cavity.
Liver Spleen Pancreas Kidneys Ovaries in women
Injury to a solid organ can cause _____ and ________.
shock
Bleeding
Hollow organs in the abdominal cavity are
Gallbladder Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Urinary bladder
If there is a perforation of hollow organs, the contents will _______ and ______ the abdominal cavity.
leak
Contaminate
The gastrointestinal system is responsible for what process?
Digestion
When does digestion begin?
When food is put into the mouth and chewed.
The ________ glands secrete saliva and begin to break food down.
Salivary glands
Food travels down the esophagus to the __________.
Stomach
The_________ is the main organ of the digestive system.
Stomach
The ___________ juices break down food in the stomach.
Gastric
The________ stage in digestion.
Liver
The liver secretes _____ to aid in digestion of fats.
Bile
The liver filters _____ substances produced by digestion.
Toxic
The liver creates ___________ stores.
Glucose
The liver produces substances necessary for _____ ______ and ________ ________.
Blood clotting
Immune function
The gallbladder is reserved for ______.
Bile
Three sections of the small intestine are ________, ___________, and __________.
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
The ________ is where digestive juices from a pancreas and liver mixed
Duodeum
The pancreas secretes __________ that break down startches, fats, and proteins.
enzymes
The pancreas releases __________ which is responsible for breaking down starches into sugars.
amylase
__________________ is produced in the pancreas - it neutralizes stomach acid in the duodenum.
Bicarbonate
_________ is also produced in the pancreas. It relgulates the amount of glucose in the bloodstream.
Insulin
__________ plays a major role in absorbtion of digestive products.
Jejunum
Jejunum does much of the work in the __________ intestine.
small
The ________ absorbs nutrients that were not absorbed before the liver and Jejunum.
Lleum
The ________ absorbs bile acid so they can be returned to the liver for future use and vitamin B12 for making nerve cells and red blood cless.
Illeum
The _______ is part of the large intestine.
Colon
Food not broken down and used moves into the colon as a ________ product.
waste
__________ moves the waste matter through the intestines.
Peristalsis
Water is __________ and stool is formed as it passes through the the rectum to the anus and is defecated.
absorbed
The ________ is located in the abdomen but has o digestive function.
spleen
The spleen is part of the ___________ system.
lymphatic
The spleen plays a significant role in relation to red blood cells and ________ system.
immune
The spleen assists in __________ of blood.
filteration
The spleen aids in development of _____ ______ _____.
red blood cells
The spleen serves as blood ________.
reservoir.
The spleen produces ________.
antibodies
The _________ system holds reproductive organs.
genital
Name the parts of the male reproductive system.
testicles epididymis vas deferentia seminal vesicles prostate gland penis
Name the parts of the female reproductive system.
ovaries fallopian tubes uterus cervix vagina
The _________ system controls discharge of certain waste materials filtered from blood by the kidneys.
urinary
Name the solid organs in the urinary system.
kidneys
Name the hollow organs in the urinary system.
ureters
bladder
urethra
There are ______ kidneys, _____ on each side.
two
one
The _________ lie on the posterior muscular wall of the abdomen behind the peritoneum in the retroperitoneal space.
kidneys
The _______ play an important role in the regulation of acidity and blood pressure.
kidneys
The ________ rid the body of toxic waste.
kidneys
The _________ controle balance of fluid and electrolytes.
kidneys
Blood flow is ______ in kidneys.
high
_________ join each kidney to the bladder.
Ureters
_________ are small, hollow, muscular tubes.
Ureters
Peristalsis moves ________ to the bladder.
urine
The urinary bladder is located immediately behine the ______ _________.
public symphysis
The bladder empties to the outside of the body through the _________.
urethra
Male: Urethra passes from the anterior base of the bladder through the _______.
penis
Female: Urethra opens at the front of the _______.
vagina
Normal adults form ___ to ___ L of urine per day.
1.5 - 2
The abdominal cavity is lined by a membrane called the _________.
peritoneum
The peritoneum also covers organs of the _______.
abdomen
The parietal peritoneum lines the walls of the __________ _______.
abdominal cavity
The Visceral peritoneum covers the ________.
organs
The presence of foreign material (blood, pus, bile, pancreatic juice, amniotic fluid_ can irritate the peritoneum, causing _________.
peritonitis
Acute abdomen refers to the sudden onset of ____________ pain.
abdominal
Acute abdomen is often associate with severe, progressive problems requiring ________ __________.
medical attention
Peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum) typcially causes ________.
ileus
_________ is paralysis of the muscular contractions that normally propel material through the intestine.
Illeus
Retained gas and feces in the intestine can casue _______ __________.
abdominal distention
In the presence of IIleus, the stomach can only empty itself by __________.
vomiting (emesis)
Peritonitis is frequently associated with ________ and _______.
Nausea
vomiting
Peritonitis is associated with loss of _____ ______ into the abdominal cavity.
Bodily fluid
A patient with peritonitis may present with _____________ and ____________.
tachycardia
hypotension
When peritonitis is accompanie by hemorrgage, look for signs of _________.
shock
____________ is the inflammation in small pockets at weak areas in the muscle walls.
Diverticulitis
A ________ may be present in diverticulitis or gallbladder inflammation
fever
Cholecystitis is inflammation of the _____________.
gallbladder
Acute appendicitis, the patient’s temperature may be within normal limits until it ________.
ruptures
Two different types of _______ supply the peritoneum.
nerves
Abdominal pain can have different _________.
qualities
The perietal peritoneum is supplied by the same nerves that supply the skin of the _________.
abdomen
The ________ peritoneum can perceive pain, touch pressure, heat and cold - can easily identify and localize a point of irritation.
parietal
The ___________ peritoneum is supplied by the autonomic nervous system.
visceral
The __________ peritoneum nerves are far less able to localize sensation - patients will not be able to describe exactly where the pain is (referred pain).
visceral
11 common causes of acute abdomen
ulcers gallstones pancreatitis appendicitis gasrointestinal hemorrhage esophagitis esophageal varices mallory-wise tear gastroenteritis diverticulitis hemorrhoids
________ are caused when the protective layer of mucus erodes, allowing acid to eat into the organ.
Ulcers
3 causes of peptic ulcers are:
Helicobacter pylori infection
chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
alcohol and smoking
If ulcers erosion is severe, it can lead to _______ bleeding.
gastric
Peptic ulcers affect men and women equally but occur more frequently in the ___________ population.
geriatric
Peptic ulcers are described as burning, gnawong pain in the stomach that subsides or diminishes immediately after ________.
eating
These are common signs of peptic ulcers.
nausea
vomiting
belching
heartburn
True or false:
Some ulcers heal without intervention.
True
The __________ is a storage pouch for digestive juices and waste from the liver.
gallbladder
______________ may form, and if the blockage does not pass, it can lead to severe inflammation of the gallbladder, called cholecystitis.
Gallstones
Cholecystitis is a condition in which the wall of the gallbladder is __________.
inflamed
The gallbladder can ________ in severe cases.
rupture
______________ presents as a constant, severe pain in the right upper or midabdominal region and may refer to the right upper back, flank, or shoulder area.
Cholecystitis
_______________ symptoms may appear 30 minutes after a fatty meal and at night.
Cholecystitis
Symptoms for cholecystitis include the following:
nausea vomiting indigestion bloating gas belching
People at higher risk for developing cholecystitis include:
women older adults obese people people of Scandinavian descent Native American Hispanic descent
___________________ is inflammation of the pancreas.
Pancreatitis
_______________is caused by obstructing gallstone, alcohol abuse, and other diseases.
Pancreatitis
Severe pain of pancreatitis is located……..
upper left and right quadrants - often radiating to the back
Signs and syptoms of ____________ are:
nausea
vomiting
abdominal distention
tenderness
Pancreatitis may have sepsis or hemorrhage. Look for __________ or ___________.
fever
tachycardia
______________ is inflammation or infection in the appendix.
Appendicitis
____________ can cause tissues to die, causing an abscess, peritonitis, or shock.
Appendicitis
_____________ pain is initially more generalized, dull, and diffuse and may center in the umbilical area - pain later localized to the right lower quadrant.
Appendicitis
Signs and symptoms of appendicitis are:
nausea vomiting anorexia fever chills rebound tenderness
What is rebound tenderness?
result of peritoneal irritation
assessed by pressing down gently and firmly on abdomen (paitent will feel pain when the pressure is released)
________________ ______________ is bleeding within the gastrointestinal tract.
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage
___________ ____________ can be acute (may be short term and more severe) or chronic (longer duration and less severe).
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage
True or False: all complains of gastrointestinal hemorrhage should be considered serious.
True
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage can occur in the _______ or ______ gastrointestinal tract.
upper
lower
Bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract occurs from ___________ to the _________.
esophagus
upper small intestine
Hematemesis is frequently seen in patients with ________ gastrointestinal bleeding.
upper
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding occurs between the upper part of the ______ ________ and the ______.
small intestine
anus
__________ _________ often manifests as melena, or dark tarry stools.
Gastrointestinal bleeding
_____________ occurs when the lining of the esophagus becomes inflamed by infection or acids from the stomach.
Esophagitis
What does GERD stand for?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
__________ is a condition in which the sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach opens, allowing stomach acid to move up into the esophagus.
Gastroesophageal reflux diesease (GERD)
What is another name for acid relux disease?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can cause a burning sensation within the chest also known as ________.
heartburn
Patient may report pain in swollowing due to _________.
Esophagitis
Esophagitis symptoms include:
heartburn
nausea
vomiting
sores in the mouth
Esophageal varices occur when the amount of pressure within the blood vessels surrounding the esophagus __________.
increases
When blood flow is blocked in the portal vessels, vessels dilate, causing the capillary network of the esophagus to begin ___________.
leaking
What is hematemesis?
vomiting blood
If pressure continues to build in the blood vessels surrounding the esophagus, the vessel walls may fail, causing massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding and _____________.
hematemesis
Initially, esophagitis patient’s show signs of ________ disease.
liver
Signs of liver disease are:
fatigue weight loss jaundice anorexia edema in the abdomen abdominal pain nausea vomiting
Esophagitis is a _____________ disease process and can take years before the patient feels discomfort.
gradual
A rupture of varices in Esophagitis is far more sudden and can cause:
sudden onset of discomfort in throat severe difficulty swallowing vomiting of bright red blood hypotension signs of shock
__________-_________ syndrome is a junction tear between the esophagus and the stomach
Mallory-Weiss
Mallory-Weiss syndrome causes severe bleeding and possibly _______.
death
The primary risk factors of Mallory-Weiss syndrome is _________ and _________.
alcholohism
eating disorders
Mallory-Weiss syndrome is prevalent in ______ adults and _______ children.
older
older
__________ is the principal symptom in Mallory-Weiss syndrome.
Vomiting
Extreme cases of Mallyory-Weiss syndrome show signs and symptoms of:
shock
upper abdominal pain
hematemesis
melena
___________ is infection combined with diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.
Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis is caused by _______ or _________ organisms which enter the body through contaminated food and water.
bacterial
viral
Gastroenteritis can be caused by noninfectious conditions such as:
adverse medication reactions
toxin exposure
chemotherapy
what are the 2 types of gastroenteritis?
infectious
noninfectious
___________ is the principla symptom in both infectious and noninfectious gastroenteritis.
Diarrhea
Gastroenteritis signs and symptoms are:
large dumping-type diarrhea or frequent small liquid stools diarrhea containing blood or pus abdominal cramping nausea vomiting fever anorexia
_____________ was first recognized around 1900 when the amount of processed foods eaten wehre increased.
Diverticulitis
With diverticulitis, the consistency of stools became more solid, requiring more intestinal contractions, increasing pressure in the ______.
colon
With diverticulitis ________ in the colonic walls result from increased intestinal contractions.
bulges
Fecal matter in the colon get caught in bulges, and bacteria gather there, causing ________and ________.
inflammation
infection
Diverticulitis main symptom is _______ _____ and is located where?
abdominal pain
left side, lower abdomen
Signs of diverticulitis are:
fever malaise body aches chills nausea vomiting
___________ are created by sweolling and inflammation of blood vessels surrounding the rectum.
Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids may result from conditions that _______ pressure on the rectum or ittitation of the rectum.
increase
___________ may be caused by increased pressure caused by pregnancy, straining at stool, and chronic constipation.
Hemorrhoids
With hemorrhoids, _______ can cause irritation.
diarrhea
____________ present as bright red blood during defecation with minimal bleeding and is easy to control.
Hemorrhoids
With Hemorrhoids, patients may experience ________ and a small ______ on the rectum.
itching
mass
Cystitis is __________ inflammation and is common, especially in women.
bladder
Another name for Cystitis is _____ _____ _____.
urinary tract infection (UTI)
Cystitis (UTI) is caused by ________ infection.
bacterial
Cystitis (UTI) pain is felt in the ______ _____ of the abdomen.
lower quadrant
Cystitis (UTI) may report and urgency and frequency in __________.
urination
Cystitis (UTI) can become a serious problem if infection spreads to the ________ or ________.
urethra
kidneys
The _________ play a major role in maintaining homeostasis and eliminate waste from the blood.
kidneys
When kidneys fail, ______ results.
uremia
When uremia results, ________ remains in the blood.
urea (waste products)
Kidney ______ can grow over time and cause blockage.
stones
Kidney stones are _________ chemicals in the urine.
crystallized
Kidney stones can cause a blockage which can lead to _________.
swelling
Kidney stone pain is caused by the stone moving through the _______.
ureter
What 2 ways are kidney stones removed?
on its own
surgically
Acute kidney failure is…….
sudden decrease in function.
Acute kidney failure occurs from:
hemorrhage dehydration trauma shock sepsis heart failure medications drug abuse kidney stones
True or False: Acute kidney failure is reversible with prompt diagnosis and treatment.
True
This type of kidney failure is irreversible, progressive, develops over months and years, if often caused by diabetes and hypertension, the tissue shrinks and function diminishes, and eventually dialysis or transplant is required to remove waste from the bloodstream.
chronic
Symptoms of chronis kidney failure is:
altered level of consciousness seizure coma lethargy nausea headaches cramps edema in the extremities and face
Femals may have acute abdominal pain in the lower quadrant due to:
overies, fallopian tubes, uterus
The _________ lies immediately behind the peritoneum.
aorta
What does AAA stand for?
abdominal aortic aneurysm
_______ areas can result in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) - which is very difficult to detect. Use extreme caution when trying to access or detect AAA.
Weak
Development of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is ______. If it tears or ruptures, massive hemorrhage may occur. Pain is described as tearing. Handle patient gently during assessment and transport.
slow
______________, especially in the lower lungs, can cause ileus and abdominal pain.
Pneumonia
A ________ is a protrusion of an organ or tissue through a hole or opening into a body cavity where it does not belong.
hernia
________ can occur as a result of a congential defect (such as around the umbilicus), a surgical wound that has failed to heal properly, a natural weakness in a area (such as the groin).
hernia
True or False: Hernias always produce a noticeable mass or lump.
False
______hernias pose little risk and can be pushed back intot he body cavity.
Reducible
__________hernias cannot be pushed back in and are compressed by surrounding body tissue.
Incarcerated
______________ of an incarcerated hernia is a serious medical emergency because blood supply is compromised by the compressed surrounding tissue.
Strangulation
Serious hernia signs and symptoms include:
a formerly reducible mass that is no longer reducible
pain at the hernia site
tenderness when the hernia is palpated
red or blue skin discoloration over the hernia
