Chapter 18 Common Drugs and Their Uses Flashcards
Analgesics- create a state in which the pain from a painful medical condition is reduced or not felt
Salicylates- relieve mild to moderate pain; anti-inflammatory; anti-pyretic
NSAIDs- more potent than Salicylates; relieves mild to moderate pain; anti-inflammatory; anti-pyretic
non-aspirin, non-NSAIDS (Acetaminophen) - relieves mild to moderate pain; ant-pyretic
Opiates- for severe pain; addicting
Anesthetic Agents- cause an absence of sensation of pain
Local- block pain conduction to the CNS, but do not affect the CNS so patient stays conscious
General- block pain sensation by suppressing the CNS, causing unconsciousness
Anti-infectives- treat disease produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and parasitic worms
Antibiotics (antimicrobials) Antivirals Antifungals Antimycobacterials Antiprotozoals Anthelmintics
Antineoplastics- inhibit the new growth of cancer cells or neoplasms
Antimetabolites Alkylating Agents Plant alkaloids Hormones Anti-tumor antibiotics Radioactive isotopes
Cardiovascular Agents
Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers Diuretics ACE inhibitors Vasodilators Antianginals Antiarrhytmics Antihyperlipidemics Antihypertensives Thrombolytics/ Anticoagulants Vasopressors
Dermatologicals- refers to a drug used to treat a condition or disease related to the skin
Conditions treated:
trauma (burns, cuts, abrasions, bruises)
fluid accumulation (edema, cellulite, blisters)
discoloration and pigmentation, rashes, freckles, drug or allergy related photosensitivity
Electrolytic Agents
.
Gastrointestinal & Urinary Tract Agents
Enzymes Antidiarrheals Antiemetics Antacids/ antiulcer agents Laxatives and stool softeners Urinary tract agents
Hematological Agents
Hematopoietic agents
Hormones & Modifiers
Thyroid and Parathyroid agents Pituitary Agents Adrenal Agents Insulins Oral antidiabetics Androgens Phosphodiestarese inhibitors Progestins Estrogens Contraceptives
Immunobiologic Agents
Immune globulins
Vaccines
Muscoskeletal Agents
Anti-gout agents
Osteoporitics
Muscle Relaxants
Antispazmodics
Neurological Agents
Antiparkinsonian agents
Anti-Alzheimer’s agents
Anti-epileptics
Anti-migraine agents
Opthalmic and Otic Agents
Antiglaucoma
Other opthalmics
Otics
Pyschotropic Agents
Antipsychotics
Respiratory Agents
Antihistamines Decongestants Antitussive Expectorants and mucolytics Bronchodilators
ANESTHETIC AGENTS
Local Anesthetics
Indications:
> dental work or discomfort (topical or injection)
> birth pain (spinal, epidural, or caudal IV)
> sunburn, hemorrhoids, and skin irritations (topical)
Groups:
> Esters- metabolized by enzymes found in the blood or skin, short to moderate duration of effectiveness
> Amides- metabolized in the lover and therefore longer acting
> Others- those agents suitable for patients with allergies to esters or amides
ANESTHETIC AGENTS
General Anesthesia
> generally classified according to their route of administration: inhalation or IV
> administered by a medical doctor called an anesthesiologist
> adjunctive drugs, such as analgesics, atropine-like drugs and anti-infectives may also be used
Stage I- ANALGESIA- Euphoria with loss of pain and consciousness
Stage II- EXCITEMENT- Increase in sympathetic nervous system effects such as blood pressure, heart, and respiratory rate
Stage III- SURGICAL ANESTHESIA- the stage in which surgery can safely be conducted. There are four levels of surgical anesthesia, with the higher numbered levels producing deeper anesthesia and more serious systemic effects.
Stage IV- MEDULLA PARALYSIS- an overdose of anesthesia can compromise the respiratory and heart centers of the brain’s medulla and cause death
ANTI-INFECTIVES
Antibiotics (Antimicrobials) can either be bacteriostatic (inhibiting bacterial growth) or bactericidal (bacteria killing)
> not effective with viruses
types of antibiotic action:
> damage bacterial cell wall: penicillins cephalosporins
> modify protein synthesis : erythromcycin and tetracycline
> modify energy metabolism : sulfonamides
> modify DNA synthesis: ofloxacin and ciproflaxcin
ANTI-INFECTIVES
Antivirals
inhibit the replication of viruses (so are virustatic). to effectively treat viral infections, the drug needs to stop the viral replication without damaging the patient’s healthy cells.
>Protease Inhibitors- used to treat HIV and Hepatitis C by blocking the enzyme resposible for viral replication
> other common antiviral agents include valacyclovir (Valtrex) and acyclovir (Zovirax)
ANTI-INFECTIVES
Antifungals
used to treat fungal infections. The fungal cell is destroyed as the drug prevents cell permeability and nutrition.
>Common fungal infections are candidasis (vaginal yeast infection), ringworm, and athlete’s foot
>nystatin (Mycostatin) and fluconazole (Diflucan) are popular ones
ANTINEOPLASTICS
Antimetabolites
inhibit cell growth and replication by mimicking natural metabolites and taking their place within the cells. These fake metabolites inhibit the synthesis of important cellular enzymes, including DNA
ANTINEOPLASTICS
Alkalyting Agents
interfere wiuth mitosis or cell division by binding with DNA and preventing cellular replication
ANTINEOPLASTICS
Plant Alkaloids
derived from natural products or semisynthetically produced using natural products, some of these drugs inhibit the enzyme topoisomerase. Topoisomerase is required for molecular cell growth or mitosis and therefore certain plant alkaloids interfere with cellular DNA replication. Other mechanisms of growth inhibition are not clearly understood.
ANTINEOPLASTICS
Hormones
preventing cancer cells from using the hormones that they need to grow. They can sometimes result in the killing of cancer cells
ANTINEOPLASTICS
Anti-tumor antibiotics
interact directly with cancer cells to prevent the DNA from functioning normally. This can sometimes result in the killing of cancer cells
ANTINEOPLASTICS
Radioactive Isotopes
Radioactive substances can be used to kill cancer cells in a targeted area. Radiation treatments can be given by a machine or given internally using needles, seeds, wires, or catheters
CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS
Beta Blockers
(classes by mechanism of action)
drugs that reduce the oxygen demands of the heart muscle. Used to treat high blood pressure or arrythmias
CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS
Calcium Channel Blockers
(classes by mechanism of action)
drugs that relax the heart by reducing heart conduction. Used to treat high blood pressure or arrythmias
CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS
Diuretics
(classes by mechanism of action)
decrease blood pressure by decreasing blood volume. They decrease volume by increasing the elimination of salts and water through urination.
CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS
ACE Inhibitors
(classes by mechanism of action)
the “-pril” drugs, ACE inhibitors relax the blood vessels. They are often used to treat high blood pressure.NOTE: the “-sartan” drugs are considered a subgroup of ACE inhibitors
CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS
Vasodilators
(classes by mechanism of action)
relax and expand the blood vessels.
