Chapter 18,19,20 Flashcards
Define group
Two or more people who interact with each other for a common purpose
Define power
The ability a person has to get someone else to do something for them
6 types of power and examples
Reward power Coercive power Information power Legitimate power Expert power Referent power
Three styles of authority and explanation
Democratic-where the leader negotiates decisions with the group
Authoritarian-where the leader actively makes all the decisions and has control over the group
Laissez-faire- where the leader takes no part in the group dynamics or decision making. There’s no real structure
Define deindividuation
A concept generally thought of as the loss of self awareness in groups. Eg sunglasses disguise individuality
Overview of zimbados experiment
Studied power. See if the guards would take on the role of power when put in the conditions. Guards inflicted horrendous things even though they knew the prisoners were innocent
What is the IV and dv in the zimbados experiment
Iv- the environment participants were put in
Dv- how they reacted
Two violation of ethical principle in zimbados experiment
Violation of no harm principle- prisoners physically and emotionally abused wiht many long term effects
Violation of withdrawal rights- participants got so involved in the experiment they forgot they could leave and felt trapped.
Aim of milgrams experiment
To discover how far people for obedience and wether participants would obey an authority figure to carry out actions that caused severe pain to another person
Ethical issues with milgrams experiment
Violation of the no harm principle- participants experienced extreme anxiety
Withdrawal rights- even when participant were showing dicomfort and required to stop they were told to continue
Deception- participants were deceived about purpose of experiment
Aim of he asch experiment
To investigate to which an individual within a group will conform to the majority opinion
Conclusion of aschs experiment
Participants wanted to feel that they belonged in the group
Participants believed that other group members were better informed than they
What are the 7 factors affecting conformity
Normative influence Culture Informational influence Group size Unanimity Deindividuation Social loafing
Define social loafing
The tendency of an individual reducing their effort when working in a group of people
Define normative influence
A persons tendency to go along with the group so that they fit in and gain the approval of other group members
Explain informational influence
When a person wants to provide the correct response therefore they are others who are more capable of making accurate judgements
Explain group size with affecting conformity
When a group size is roughly three and above people the amount of conformity is increased dramatically
Define helping behaviour
Also called prosocial. Is the action of assisting others
What are the three reasons we help others
Biological- getetic, see parents helping (nature)
Environmental- learning it form watching others (nurture)
Combination - both nature and nurture
Define altruistic
Assisting others without expecting anything in return
Aim of milgrams experiment
To discover how far people for obedience and wether participants would obey an authority figure to carry out actions that caused severe pain to another person
Ethical issues with milgrams experiment
Violation of the no harm principle- participants experienced extreme anxiety
Withdrawal rights- even when participant were showing dicomfort and required to stop they were told to continue
Deception- participants were deceived about purpose of experiment
Conclusion of aschs experiment
Participants wanted to feel that they belonged in the group
Participants believed that other group members were better informed than they
What are the 7 factors affecting conformity
Normative influence Culture Informational influence Group size Unanimity Deindividuation Social loafing
Define social loafing
The tendency of an individual reducing their effort when working in a group of people
Legitimate power and example
Power is given by a higher authority and may be due to role or position eg police officer
Expert power and example
Power is due to skills and depth of knowledge eg doctor
Deferent power and example
Power from others desire to relate to the person eg admired sports start
How does Normative influence affect conformity
A persons tendency to go along with the group so they fit in
How does Informational influence affect conformity
When a person wants to provide the correct response therefore they ask others who are more capable of making accurate judgments. Eg asking a smart kid what they got for a maths question and writing their answer down
How does Group size affect conformity
When a group size in roughly three and above people the amount of conformity is increased dramatically
Define conformity
The tendency to adjust ones thoughts, feelings or behaviour that are in agreement with a group
What’s the 5 steps of the decision stage model of helping
- Noticing the need for help
- Deciding that it is an emergency
- Deciding to take responsibility
- Deciding on a way to help
- Taking action to help
Define bystander effect define and explain
When the presence of others reduces the likelihood of someone helping.
The larger the number of bystanders the less likely it is that one of them will help as they think that someone else would
Define reciprocity principle
Do to others as they do to you. We feel grateful if someone does a favour and feel the need to return it
Social responsibility norm
Where members of society are expected to provide help to people in need without expecting anything in return
Define empathy
When we can feel another persons distress its unpleasant to someone else suffer and we want to help
Personal competence
An individual’s ability to respond effectively to a situation or preform a task successfully eg someone with first aid training
Define bullying
Unwanted, intention, aggressive behaviour that involves an inappropriate use of power repeated over time
Tyoes of bullying and examples
Direct bullying- hitting, pushing
Direct verbal- name calling, insults
Indirect - lying, spreading rumours
Cyber bullying- sending threatening messages
3 effects of bullying and examples
Physical- fatigue, panicky attacks
Social- feeling lonely, socially withdrawn
Psychological- low self esteem,mood swings
Results of milgrims experiment
All participants obeyed up to 300 volts
Results of aschs experiment
74 percent of participants confirmed on at least one occasion giving the same wrong answer as the other people in the room
What is a meta analysis
Research that examines the results of many other studies and combines all the findings
What are factors influencing helping behaviour
- If the situation is an emergency eg dangerous
- Not an emergency
- the environment
- if the situation is clear cut need for help
What happened to kitty Genovese
She was murdered in New York City.
Many people heard the screams but did nothing about it.
Someone rang police 30 minutes later but wanted to remain anonymous
This proves the bystander effect
They all assumed someone else would help and get involved
What are characteristics of non helping behaviour
The situation and the bystander effect
Why does the bystander effect occur
Diffusion of responsibility-where the presence of others leads each bystander to feel less responsible for helping in need
Audience inhabitation- where people afraid of being judged for incorrect move
Social influence- the action of other bystanders will influence the likely hood of help
Proximity- the further away the less responsible
Nature of bystander- past experiences, relationship to victim
Negative influences of advertising and media on individuals and groups
Distraction
Negative health consequences
Social isolation
Privacy at risk
Positive influences of advertising and media on individuals and groups
People are more connected and informed around the world Social skills development Access to jobs on job seekers Weather/natrual disaster information Online shopping Educational sites
Information power and example
Having knowledge that others desire eg secretary knows where all information filed
Coercive power
Ability to provide an unpleasant response eg teacher can keep student back from class
Reward power and example
Ability to provide a desired response eg teacher can allow students to leave early
Latane and darley
Room filled of smoke at least 50 percent reported smoke within four minutes
