Chapter 18,19,20

Question 1

Define group

Answer 1

Two or more people who interact with each other for a common purpose

Question 2

Define power

Answer 2

The ability a person has to get someone else to do something for them

Question 3

6 types of power and examples

Answer 3

Reward power 
Coercive power 
Information power
Legitimate power
Expert power 
Referent power

Question 4

Three styles of authority and explanation

Answer 4

Democratic-where the leader negotiates decisions with the group
Authoritarian-where the leader actively makes all the decisions and has control over the group
Laissez-faire- where the leader takes no part in the group dynamics or decision making. There’s no real structure

Question 5

Define deindividuation

Answer 5

A concept generally thought of as the loss of self awareness in groups. Eg sunglasses disguise individuality

Question 6

Overview of zimbados experiment

Answer 6

Studied power. See if the guards would take on the role of power when put in the conditions. Guards inflicted horrendous things even though they knew the prisoners were innocent

Question 7

What is the IV and dv in the zimbados experiment

Answer 7

Iv- the environment participants were put in

Dv- how they reacted

Question 8

Two violation of ethical principle in zimbados experiment

Answer 8

Violation of no harm principle- prisoners physically and emotionally abused wiht many long term effects
Violation of withdrawal rights- participants got so involved in the experiment they forgot they could leave and felt trapped.

Question 9

Aim of milgrams experiment

Answer 9

To discover how far people for obedience and wether participants would obey an authority figure to carry out actions that caused severe pain to another person

Question 10

Ethical issues with milgrams experiment

Answer 10

Violation of the no harm principle- participants experienced extreme anxiety
Withdrawal rights- even when participant were showing dicomfort and required to stop they were told to continue
Deception- participants were deceived about purpose of experiment

Question 11

Aim of he asch experiment

Answer 11

To investigate to which an individual within a group will conform to the majority opinion

Question 12

Conclusion of aschs experiment

Answer 12

Participants wanted to feel that they belonged in the group

Participants believed that other group members were better informed than they

Question 13

What are the 7 factors affecting conformity

Answer 13

Normative influence 
Culture
Informational influence 
Group size
Unanimity 
Deindividuation 
Social loafing

Question 14

Define social loafing

Answer 14

The tendency of an individual reducing their effort when working in a group of people

Question 15

Define normative influence

Answer 15

A persons tendency to go along with the group so that they fit in and gain the approval of other group members

Question 16

Explain informational influence

Answer 16

When a person wants to provide the correct response therefore they are others who are more capable of making accurate judgements

Question 17

Explain group size with affecting conformity

Answer 17

When a group size is roughly three and above people the amount of conformity is increased dramatically

Question 18

Define helping behaviour

Answer 18

Also called prosocial. Is the action of assisting others

Question 19

What are the three reasons we help others

Answer 19

Biological- getetic, see parents helping (nature)
Environmental- learning it form watching others (nurture)
Combination - both nature and nurture

Question 20

Define altruistic

Answer 20

Assisting others without expecting anything in return

Question 21

Aim of milgrams experiment

Answer 21

To discover how far people for obedience and wether participants would obey an authority figure to carry out actions that caused severe pain to another person

Question 22

Ethical issues with milgrams experiment

Answer 22

Violation of the no harm principle- participants experienced extreme anxiety
Withdrawal rights- even when participant were showing dicomfort and required to stop they were told to continue
Deception- participants were deceived about purpose of experiment

Question 23

Conclusion of aschs experiment

Answer 23

Participants wanted to feel that they belonged in the group

Participants believed that other group members were better informed than they

Question 24

What are the 7 factors affecting conformity

Answer 24

Normative influence 
Culture
Informational influence 
Group size
Unanimity 
Deindividuation 
Social loafing

Question 25

Define social loafing

Answer 25

The tendency of an individual reducing their effort when working in a group of people

Question 26

Legitimate power and example

Answer 26

Power is given by a higher authority and may be due to role or position eg police officer

Question 27

Expert power and example

Answer 27

Power is due to skills and depth of knowledge eg doctor

Question 28

Deferent power and example

Answer 28

Power from others desire to relate to the person eg admired sports start

Question 29

How does Normative influence affect conformity

Answer 29

A persons tendency to go along with the group so they fit in

Question 30

How does Informational influence affect conformity

Answer 30

When a person wants to provide the correct response therefore they ask others who are more capable of making accurate judgments. Eg asking a smart kid what they got for a maths question and writing their answer down

Question 31

How does Group size affect conformity

Answer 31

When a group size in roughly three and above people the amount of conformity is increased dramatically

Question 32

Define conformity

Answer 32

The tendency to adjust ones thoughts, feelings or behaviour that are in agreement with a group

Question 33

What's the 5 steps of the decision stage model of helping

Answer 33

1. Noticing the need for help 2. Deciding that it is an emergency 3. Deciding to take responsibility 4. Deciding on a way to help 5. Taking action to help

Question 34

Define bystander effect define and explain

Answer 34

When the presence of others reduces the likelihood of someone helping. The larger the number of bystanders the less likely it is that one of them will help as they think that someone else would

Question 35

Define reciprocity principle

Answer 35

Do to others as they do to you. We feel grateful if someone does a favour and feel the need to return it

Question 36

Social responsibility norm

Answer 36

Where members of society are expected to provide help to people in need without expecting anything in return

Question 37

Define empathy

Answer 37

When we can feel another persons distress its unpleasant to someone else suffer and we want to help

Question 38

Personal competence

Answer 38

An individual's ability to respond effectively to a situation or preform a task successfully eg someone with first aid training

Question 39

Define bullying

Answer 39

Unwanted, intention, aggressive behaviour that involves an inappropriate use of power repeated over time

Question 40

Tyoes of bullying and examples

Answer 40

Direct bullying- hitting, pushing Direct verbal- name calling, insults Indirect - lying, spreading rumours Cyber bullying- sending threatening messages

Question 41

3 effects of bullying and examples

Answer 41

Physical- fatigue, panicky attacks Social- feeling lonely, socially withdrawn Psychological- low self esteem,mood swings

Question 42

Results of milgrims experiment

Answer 42

All participants obeyed up to 300 volts

Question 43

Results of aschs experiment

Answer 43

74 percent of participants confirmed on at least one occasion giving the same wrong answer as the other people in the room

Question 44

What is a meta analysis

Answer 44

Research that examines the results of many other studies and combines all the findings

Question 45

What are factors influencing helping behaviour

Answer 45

- If the situation is an emergency eg dangerous - Not an emergency - the environment - if the situation is clear cut need for help

Question 46

What happened to kitty Genovese

Answer 46

She was murdered in New York City. Many people heard the screams but did nothing about it. Someone rang police 30 minutes later but wanted to remain anonymous This proves the bystander effect They all assumed someone else would help and get involved

Question 47

What are characteristics of non helping behaviour

Answer 47

The situation and the bystander effect

Question 48

Why does the bystander effect occur

Answer 48

Diffusion of responsibility-where the presence of others leads each bystander to feel less responsible for helping in need Audience inhabitation- where people afraid of being judged for incorrect move Social influence- the action of other bystanders will influence the likely hood of help Proximity- the further away the less responsible Nature of bystander- past experiences, relationship to victim

Question 49

Negative influences of advertising and media on individuals and groups

Answer 49

Distraction Negative health consequences Social isolation Privacy at risk

Question 50

Positive influences of advertising and media on individuals and groups

Answer 50

``` People are more connected and informed around the world Social skills development Access to jobs on job seekers Weather/natrual disaster information Online shopping Educational sites ```

Question 51

Information power and example

Answer 51

Having knowledge that others desire eg secretary knows where all information filed

Question 52

Coercive power

Answer 52

Ability to provide an unpleasant response eg teacher can keep student back from class

Question 53

Reward power and example

Answer 53

Ability to provide a desired response eg teacher can allow students to leave early

Question 54

Latane and darley

Answer 54

Room filled of smoke at least 50 percent reported smoke within four minutes