Chapter 18,19,20 Flashcards

1
Q

Define group

A

Two or more people who interact with each other for a common purpose

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2
Q

Define power

A

The ability a person has to get someone else to do something for them

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3
Q

6 types of power and examples

A
Reward power 
Coercive power 
Information power
Legitimate power
Expert power 
Referent power
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4
Q

Three styles of authority and explanation

A

Democratic-where the leader negotiates decisions with the group
Authoritarian-where the leader actively makes all the decisions and has control over the group
Laissez-faire- where the leader takes no part in the group dynamics or decision making. There’s no real structure

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5
Q

Define deindividuation

A

A concept generally thought of as the loss of self awareness in groups. Eg sunglasses disguise individuality

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6
Q

Overview of zimbados experiment

A

Studied power. See if the guards would take on the role of power when put in the conditions. Guards inflicted horrendous things even though they knew the prisoners were innocent

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7
Q

What is the IV and dv in the zimbados experiment

A

Iv- the environment participants were put in

Dv- how they reacted

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8
Q

Two violation of ethical principle in zimbados experiment

A

Violation of no harm principle- prisoners physically and emotionally abused wiht many long term effects
Violation of withdrawal rights- participants got so involved in the experiment they forgot they could leave and felt trapped.

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9
Q

Aim of milgrams experiment

A

To discover how far people for obedience and wether participants would obey an authority figure to carry out actions that caused severe pain to another person

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10
Q

Ethical issues with milgrams experiment

A

Violation of the no harm principle- participants experienced extreme anxiety
Withdrawal rights- even when participant were showing dicomfort and required to stop they were told to continue
Deception- participants were deceived about purpose of experiment

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11
Q

Aim of he asch experiment

A

To investigate to which an individual within a group will conform to the majority opinion

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12
Q

Conclusion of aschs experiment

A

Participants wanted to feel that they belonged in the group

Participants believed that other group members were better informed than they

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13
Q

What are the 7 factors affecting conformity

A
Normative influence 
Culture
Informational influence 
Group size
Unanimity 
Deindividuation 
Social loafing
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14
Q

Define social loafing

A

The tendency of an individual reducing their effort when working in a group of people

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15
Q

Define normative influence

A

A persons tendency to go along with the group so that they fit in and gain the approval of other group members

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16
Q

Explain informational influence

A

When a person wants to provide the correct response therefore they are others who are more capable of making accurate judgements

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17
Q

Explain group size with affecting conformity

A

When a group size is roughly three and above people the amount of conformity is increased dramatically

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18
Q

Define helping behaviour

A

Also called prosocial. Is the action of assisting others

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19
Q

What are the three reasons we help others

A

Biological- getetic, see parents helping (nature)
Environmental- learning it form watching others (nurture)
Combination - both nature and nurture

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20
Q

Define altruistic

A

Assisting others without expecting anything in return

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21
Q

Aim of milgrams experiment

A

To discover how far people for obedience and wether participants would obey an authority figure to carry out actions that caused severe pain to another person

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22
Q

Ethical issues with milgrams experiment

A

Violation of the no harm principle- participants experienced extreme anxiety
Withdrawal rights- even when participant were showing dicomfort and required to stop they were told to continue
Deception- participants were deceived about purpose of experiment

23
Q

Conclusion of aschs experiment

A

Participants wanted to feel that they belonged in the group

Participants believed that other group members were better informed than they

24
Q

What are the 7 factors affecting conformity

A
Normative influence 
Culture
Informational influence 
Group size
Unanimity 
Deindividuation 
Social loafing
25
Q

Define social loafing

A

The tendency of an individual reducing their effort when working in a group of people

26
Q

Legitimate power and example

A

Power is given by a higher authority and may be due to role or position eg police officer

27
Q

Expert power and example

A

Power is due to skills and depth of knowledge eg doctor

28
Q

Deferent power and example

A

Power from others desire to relate to the person eg admired sports start

29
Q

How does Normative influence affect conformity

A

A persons tendency to go along with the group so they fit in

30
Q

How does Informational influence affect conformity

A

When a person wants to provide the correct response therefore they ask others who are more capable of making accurate judgments. Eg asking a smart kid what they got for a maths question and writing their answer down

31
Q

How does Group size affect conformity

A

When a group size in roughly three and above people the amount of conformity is increased dramatically

32
Q

Define conformity

A

The tendency to adjust ones thoughts, feelings or behaviour that are in agreement with a group

33
Q

What’s the 5 steps of the decision stage model of helping

A
  1. Noticing the need for help
  2. Deciding that it is an emergency
  3. Deciding to take responsibility
  4. Deciding on a way to help
  5. Taking action to help
34
Q

Define bystander effect define and explain

A

When the presence of others reduces the likelihood of someone helping.
The larger the number of bystanders the less likely it is that one of them will help as they think that someone else would

35
Q

Define reciprocity principle

A

Do to others as they do to you. We feel grateful if someone does a favour and feel the need to return it

36
Q

Social responsibility norm

A

Where members of society are expected to provide help to people in need without expecting anything in return

37
Q

Define empathy

A

When we can feel another persons distress its unpleasant to someone else suffer and we want to help

38
Q

Personal competence

A

An individual’s ability to respond effectively to a situation or preform a task successfully eg someone with first aid training

39
Q

Define bullying

A

Unwanted, intention, aggressive behaviour that involves an inappropriate use of power repeated over time

40
Q

Tyoes of bullying and examples

A

Direct bullying- hitting, pushing
Direct verbal- name calling, insults
Indirect - lying, spreading rumours
Cyber bullying- sending threatening messages

41
Q

3 effects of bullying and examples

A

Physical- fatigue, panicky attacks
Social- feeling lonely, socially withdrawn
Psychological- low self esteem,mood swings

42
Q

Results of milgrims experiment

A

All participants obeyed up to 300 volts

43
Q

Results of aschs experiment

A

74 percent of participants confirmed on at least one occasion giving the same wrong answer as the other people in the room

44
Q

What is a meta analysis

A

Research that examines the results of many other studies and combines all the findings

45
Q

What are factors influencing helping behaviour

A
  • If the situation is an emergency eg dangerous
  • Not an emergency
  • the environment
  • if the situation is clear cut need for help
46
Q

What happened to kitty Genovese

A

She was murdered in New York City.
Many people heard the screams but did nothing about it.
Someone rang police 30 minutes later but wanted to remain anonymous
This proves the bystander effect
They all assumed someone else would help and get involved

47
Q

What are characteristics of non helping behaviour

A

The situation and the bystander effect

48
Q

Why does the bystander effect occur

A

Diffusion of responsibility-where the presence of others leads each bystander to feel less responsible for helping in need
Audience inhabitation- where people afraid of being judged for incorrect move
Social influence- the action of other bystanders will influence the likely hood of help
Proximity- the further away the less responsible
Nature of bystander- past experiences, relationship to victim

49
Q

Negative influences of advertising and media on individuals and groups

A

Distraction
Negative health consequences
Social isolation
Privacy at risk

50
Q

Positive influences of advertising and media on individuals and groups

A
People are more connected and informed around the world 
Social skills development 
Access to jobs on job seekers
Weather/natrual disaster information 
Online shopping 
Educational sites
51
Q

Information power and example

A

Having knowledge that others desire eg secretary knows where all information filed

52
Q

Coercive power

A

Ability to provide an unpleasant response eg teacher can keep student back from class

53
Q

Reward power and example

A

Ability to provide a desired response eg teacher can allow students to leave early

54
Q

Latane and darley

A

Room filled of smoke at least 50 percent reported smoke within four minutes