Chapter 18 Flashcards
what are two types peripheral vascular disease?
- arterial vascular disease
- venous vascular disease
what kind of symptoms would you see in arterial vascular disease?
- diminished, weak, or absent pulse
- pallor skin, thin, dry, shiny cool skin
- absent or mild edema
- ulcers on toes or at pressure points on feet
- intermittent claudication when walking (sharp, stabbing, gnawing)
- thick brittle nails, hair loss
what kind of symptoms would you see in venous vascular disease?
- strong, symmetric pulses
- legs or feet bluish when dependent
- visible veins, warm at ankle, dermatitis
- brown pigmentation at ankles
- edema is present (particularly around ankle and in foot)
- ulcers at bones of ankle
- aching, cramping, particularly when dependent
what would you recommend for a px with peripheral venous disease?
- elevating the legs
- do not dangle them
- use elastic stockings
- no standing or sitting for a long time
what would you recommend for a px with peripheral arterial disease ?
- promote walking and exercise
-no elastic stockings - dangle feet off of leg
what is primary hypertension?
- essential hypertension
- unidentified causes
- genetic
- environmental
what is secondary hypertension?
- can identify the cause
- CKD
- renal artery disease
- sleep apnea
- pregnancy
what is a risk factor of hypertension?
atherosclerotic heart disease
what are some nonmodifiable factors of cardiovascular disease ?
- heredity, race, sex, age
what are some modifiable risk factors?
- obesity, hypertension, high cholesterol
- diabetes, smoking, stress
- excess alcohol intake
s/s of hypertension
- headache, dizziness, blurred vision, blackouts
- dyspnea, fatigue, retinal changes
- heart failure, kidney damage
hypertension treatment
- weight reduction, exercise
- DASH diet, low fat diet
- alcohol and sodium restriction
nursing managment/ interventions of hypertension?
- assess for potential symptoms of target organ action
- monitor for angina, SOB, altered speech, altered visions, nose bleeds, nocturia
- cardiovas: orthostatic htn, apical and peripheral
potential complications of hypertension?
- retinal hemorrhage
- stroke, CVA
- heart attack, TIA
- myocardial infarction
what is Thromboangiitis obliterans (Burgers Disease)
rare disease where smaller blood vessels especially in hands or feet become blocked by clots
- clots form due to inflammation and swelling
what are some risk factors of Burgers Disease
- more common around age 35
- more common in people who smoke
s/s of Burgers disease?
- numbness and tingling of toes in cold weather
- pain in feet, intermittent claudication
- pain is intense
- ulcerations and gangrene may occur
what is Raynauds disease?
vasospasms in some areas of the body, primarily where there are smaller blood vessels
- spasms cause px to have issues receiving adequate blood flow
treatment of Burgers disease
stop smoking completely
s/s of raynauds disease
- fingers and toes may display a series of color changes from white to blue to red
- experience numbness or prickly sensation
- decreased sensory perception
- edema may be present
- discomfort in extremity
treatment of raynauds disease?
- alpha blockers
- stress control
- avoid exposure to cold
- vasodilators
- calcium channel blockers
- stop smoking
what are some nursing interventions/ teachings of Raynaud’s disease?
- caffeine intake limited
- protect extremities, prevent injury
- dress warmly, nonrestrictive clothing
- avoid cold temperatures
what is venous thrombosis
veins become inflamed
- cause thrombosis (can be superficial or deep veins)
what are the three types of venous thrombosis
- phlebitis - inflammation of the vein wall
- thrombophlebitis - clot has formed at the site of inflammation within a vein
- deep vein thrombosis- clot in deep vein rather than in superficial vessels
