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Psych midterm chapter 2 > Chapter 17: Psychological Treatments - 9 marks > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Psychological Treatments - 9 marks Flashcards

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1
Q

Help change maladaptive thoughts, feelings, behaviours

A

The Helping Relationship-Goal of Treatment

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2
Q

Psychologists & psychiatrists
Psychiatric social workers
Marriage & family counsellors
Pastoral counsellors
Abuse counsellors

A

The Helping Relationship-Resources

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3
Q

Relationship between client & therapist & technique

A

Helping Relationship-Process of therapy

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4
Q

Based on Freudian principles
Goal: Help patients achieve insight
Insight = conscious awareness of psychodynamics underlying problems
Adjust behaviour underlying problems learned in childhood

A

Psychodynamic Therapies-Psychoanalysis

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5
Q

Uncensored conversation
Verbal reports of thoughts, feelings, or images that enter awareness without censorship

A

Psychoanalysis-Free Association

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6
Q

Therapist helps client understand the symbolic meaning of their dreams

A

Psychoanalysis-Dream Interpretation

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7
Q

Defensive maneuvers that hinder process of therapy
Sign that anxiety-arousing material is being approached

A

Psychoanalysis-Resistance

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8
Q

Client responds irrationally to therapist like he/she was important figure from client’s past
Brings out repressed feelings & maladaptive behaviours

A

Psychoanalysis -Transference

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9
Q

Feelings of affection, dependency, love

A

Psychodynamic Therapies-Positive

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10
Q

Irrational expressions of anger, hatred, disappointment

A

Psychodynamic Therapies-Negative

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11
Q

Statements by therapist
Provide client with insight into behaviour
Time consuming as client must arrive at ‘insight’

A

Psychodynamic Therapies-Interpretation

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12
Q

Focus on maladaptive past influences
Employ psychoanalytic concept in focused, active fashion

A

Brief Psychodynamic Therapies-Briefer, more economical

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13
Q

Focus on client’s current relationships with important people in their lives

A

Brief Psychodynamic Therapies-Interpersonal Therapy

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14
Q

A study of more than 4000 clients
In therapy in the UK
Found that clinically significant change did NOT increase
In clients seen for more than ten sessions

A

Brief Psychodynamic Therapies

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15
Q

Focus
Conscious control of behaviour
Personal responsibility
Disordered behaviour
Function of distorted perceptions, lack of awareness, negative self-image

A

Humanistic Psychotherapies

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16
Q

Key figure:
Carl Rogers
Focused on therapeutic environment

A

Humanistic Psychotherapies-Client-centered therapy

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17
Q

Unconditional positive regard
Accept clients without judgment or evaluation
Empathy
View the world through client’s eyes
Genuineness
Consistency between therapist’s feelings & behaviours

A

Client Centered Therapy

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18
Q

Goal: Bring feelings, wishes, and thoughts into awareness
Make client “whole” again

A

Gestalt Therapy

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19
Q

Often carried out in groups
More active and dramatic approaches than client-centered approaches
Role-play

A

Gestalt Therapy-Methods

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20
Q

Aaron Beck & Albert Ellis

A

Cognitive Therapies Key Figures:

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21
Q

Role of irrational and self-defeating thought patterns
Help clients discover & change cognitions that underlie problems

A

Cognitive Therapies-Focus

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22
Q

Activating event
Belief system
Consequences (emotional & behavioural)
Disputing or challenging maladaptive emotions, behaviours

A

Cognitive Therapies-Rational Emotive Therapy

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23
Q

Irrational beliefs
Ideas underlie maladaptive response
Point out errors of thinking
Help clients identify & reprogram “automated” thought patterns

A

Cognitive Therapies-Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

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24
Q

Changes in brain function noted after course of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
Showed change in both limbic system and cortex

A

Neuroscience of Treating Depression-Treating unipolar depression

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25
Q

Maladaptive behaviours are the problem, not a symptom
Problem behaviours are learned
Maladaptive behaviours can be unlearned through classical and operant conditioning, modeling

A

Behaviour Therapies

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26
Q

Treat phobias through exposure to feared CS in the absence of UCS
Response prevention used to keep the operant avoidance response from occurring

A

Behaviour Therapies-Exposure

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27
Q

Exposed to real-life stimuli

A

Behaviour Therapies-Flooding

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28
Q

Imagine scenes involving stimuli

A

Behaviour Therapies-Implosion

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29
Q

Learning-based treatment for anxiety disorders
Eliminate anxiety through counterconditioning

A

Behaviour Therapies-Systematic Desensitization

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30
Q

Train muscle relaxation skills
Anxiety & relaxation cannot co-exist
Stimulus hierarchy
Low-anxiety to high-anxiety scenes (10-15)
Relaxation & progressive association with stimulus hierarchy

A

Behaviour Therapies-Steps

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31
Q

Controlled exposure to ‘real life’ situations
Creates more anxiety during treatment than systematic desensitization
Anxiety may reduce more quickly though

A

Behaviour Therapies-In-Vivo desensitization

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32
Q

Condition an aversion to a CS (e.g. alcoholic drink)
CS paired with noxious UCS

A

Behaviour Therapies-Aversion Therapy

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33
Q

Use positive reinforcement, extinction, negative reinforcement, or punishment
Attempt to increase or reduce behaviour
Successful when traditional therapies are difficult to implement
E.g., Profoundly disturbed children, mentally retarded

A

Behaviour Therapies-Operant Conditioning (Behaviour Modification) Treatments

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34
Q

System for strengthening desired behaviours through application of positive reinforcement
Tokens given for desirable behaviours
Tokens exchanged for tangible reinforcers

A

Behaviour Therapies-Token Economies

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35
Q

Achieve desired behaviours with reinforcers
Become reinforced with social reinforcers & self-reinforcement processes (e.g., self pride)

A

Behaviour Therapies-Goal

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36
Q

Are there alternative, less painful approaches?
Is behaviour to be eliminated sufficiently injurious to justify punishment severity?

A

Behaviour Therapies-Use of Punishment: Two Questions:

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37
Q

Consent of client or client’s legal guardian

A

Behaviour Therapies-Never employed without

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38
Q

With severely disturbed, self-destructive children

A

Behaviour Therapies-Success

39
Q

Modeling approach
Learning of new skills by observing and imitating a model who performs a socially skillful behaviour

A

Modelling & Social Skills-Social Skills Training

40
Q

Increased self-efficacy
Believe you can - you succeed!
Watching some one else = I can do that too!

A

Modelling & Social Skills -Key Factor

41
Q

Concepts of mindfulness
Humanistic and eastern methods

A

“Third-wave” Cognitive-behavioural Therapies

42
Q

Acceptance
Commitment
Dialectical behaviour therapy

A

“Third-wave” Cognitive-behavioural Therapies-Mindfulness-based approaches

43
Q

Focus on mindfulness as vehicle of change
Exert control over thoughts and feelings

A

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-Acceptance and commitment therapy

44
Q

Borderline personality disorder
Elements from cognitive, humanistic, behavioural, psychodynamic therapies

A

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-Dialectical behaviour therapy

45
Q

Problems originate within individual
Take form of dysfunctional thinking, conflict, stress responses
People capable of expressing feelings
People should take personal responsibility for improvement
Not shared by all cultures

A

Cultural And Gender Issues In Psychotherapy-Cultural Factors in Treatment Utilization
North American & Western European Assumptions

46
Q

Not seeking help outside one’s culture
Language
Access to treatment
Affordability
Outside of community
Lack of culturally responsive treatments

A

Cultural And Gender Issues In Psychotherapy-Cultural norms

47
Q

Use knowledge about client’s culture to achieve broad understanding of client
Understand cultural background
Attentive to differences from cultural stereotype as well
Understand both individual & cultural differences

A

Cultural Issues-Culturally Competent Therapists

48
Q

Focus on changing women’s life circumstances
Aware of oppressive environmental conditions
Focus on supporting people in choices that meet their needs

A

Gender Issues in Therapy-For females

49
Q

not gender- of therapist important

A

Gender Issues in Therapy-Gender sensitivity

50
Q

Which types of therapy
Which kinds of therapists
Which kinds of clients
Which kinds of problems
Which kinds of effects

A

Evaluating Psychotherapies-Specificity Question

51
Q

Many variables not controlled
Therapist-client interactions varied
Measuring therapeutic effects
Who measures outcomes

A

Evaluating Psychotherapies-Difficulties:

52
Q

Symptom reduction in absence of treatment was as high as success rate reported by therapists

A

Psychotherapy Research Methods-Spontaneous remission

53
Q

APA guidelines
Which therapies are effective for specific disorders

A

Psychotherapy Research Methods-Does therapy work?

54
Q

Random assignment of clients to experimental or control groups

A

Psychotherapy Research Methods-What Is a Good Psychotherapy Research Design?
Randomized Clinical Trials

55
Q

No-treatment
Placebo control condition
Other effective treatment

A

Psychotherapy Research Methods-Types of control groups:

56
Q

Procedures must be followed exactly
Standardize the treatment
Sessions taped or observed
Not know which ‘condition’ clients are in
Minimizes experimenter bias
Some measures of improvement must be behavioural
Need for follow-up data

A

Psychotherapy Research Methods-What Is a Good Psychotherapy Research Design?
APA Guidelines for RCT

57
Q

Researchers combine statistical results of many studies to reach overall conclusion

A

Psychotherapy Research Methods-Meta-Analysis: A Look at the Big Picture
Meta-Analysis

58
Q

What percentage of clients receiving therapy had a more favourable outcome than average control client

A

Psychotherapy Research Methods-Effect Size

59
Q

Dodo Bird Verdict
‘everybody wins’
Similar efficacy found for differing therapies

A

Psychotherapy Research Methods

60
Q

Require that at the end of therapy, clients’ seeking treatment for a particular disorder, falls within the range of those not experiencing the particular problem

A

Psychotherapy Research Methods-Clinical significance

61
Q

Client variables
Therapist variables
Techniques

A

Psychotherapy Research Methods-Factors Affecting the Outcome of Therapy
3 Factors

62
Q

Willingness to invest self in therapy; take risks

A

Psychotherapy Research Methods-Client Variables
Openness

63
Q

Experience & understand internal states
Be attuned to processes in relationship with therapist
Apply what is learned in therapy to their lives
Nature of Problem

A

Psychotherapy Research Methods-Self-Relatedness: Ability to:

64
Q

Needs to “fit” with therapy being used

A

Psychotherapy Research Methods-Nature of Problem

65
Q

Empathy
Unconditional acceptance
Genuineness
Trust
Caring

A

Psychotherapy Research Methods-Therapist Variables
Quality of relationship with client

66
Q

Selecting & implementing appropriate techniques for client and situation

A

Psychotherapy Research Methods-Techniques

67
Q

Amount of treatment & quality of outcome

A

Psychotherapy Research Methods-Dose-response effect

68
Q

Faith in therapist
Client’s belief that he/she is receiving help
Plausible explanation for problems
Alternative way of looking at selves & problems
Protective setting & supportive relationship
Opportunity to practice new behaviours
Increased optimism & self-efficacy

A

Factors in Effective Therapy

69
Q

Drugs, Electroconvulsive therapy, Psychosurgery

A

Biological Approaches To Treatment-Emphasize biological factors

70
Q

Study of how drugs affect cognitions, emotions, behaviour
200 million such prescriptions written per year
Most for anti-anxiety; antidepressants; antipsychotic

A

Biological Approaches To Treatment-Psychopharmacology

71
Q

Newer drug - Buspirone (Buspar)
Fewer side effects
Enhances inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA

A

Drug Therapies

72
Q

Reduce anxiety without affecting alertness
Slow down excitatory synaptic activity
Side effects: drowsiness, lethargy, dependence

A

Drug Therapies-Anti-Anxiety Drugs

73
Q

Increase activity of norepinephrine & serotonin
Prevent reuptake of excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Drug Therapies-Antidepressant Drugs
Tricyclics

74
Q

Increase activity of norepinephrine & serotonin
Monamine oxidase breaksdown neurotransmitters

A

Drug Therapies-Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

75
Q

Block reuptake of serotonin
Milder side effects than other antidepressants
Reduce depressive symptoms more rapidly

A

Drug Therapies-Antidepressant Drugs
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

76
Q

Decrease action of dopamine
Reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia (e.g. delusions and hallucinations)
Little effect on negative symptoms

A

Drug Therapies-Antipsychotic drugs

77
Q

Severe movement disorder

A

Drug Therapies-Tardive dyskinesia

78
Q

Antipsychotic drugs have revolutionized the treatment of severely disturbed individuals
Allows many to leave mental hospitals

A

Drug TherapiesAntipsychotic drugs

79
Q

Began with observation that schizophrenia & epilepsy rarely occur together

A

Electroconvulsive Therapy

80
Q

Effects can be immediate
60-70% improve

A

Electroconvulsive Therapy -Useful in treating severe depression

81
Q

Patient given sedative and muscle relaxant
Shock less than 1 second, causing seizure of CNS

A

Electroconvulsive Therapy-Procedure

82
Q

Possibility of relapse is high
Possibility of permanent memory loss
Possibility of permanent brain damage

A

Electroconvulsive Therapy-Criticisms

83
Q

of treatments limited
MRI scans reveal no brain damage

A

Electroconvulsive Therapy-Currently

84
Q

Remove or destroy parts of brain
Least used of biomedical procedures

A

Psychosurgery

85
Q

Destroy nerve tracts to frontal lobes
Decreased with antipsychotic drugs

A

Psychosurgery-Lobotomy

86
Q

Cut fibres that connect frontal lobes & limbic system
Useful in severe depression & OCD

A

Psychosurgery-Cingulotomy

87
Q

Psychological & biological treatments affect brain function

A

Mind, Body, and Therapeutic Interventions

88
Q

Psychotherapy & drug therapy showed similar changes in blood flow for 3 brain areas

A

Mind, Body, and Therapeutic Interventions-PET scans

89
Q

Effects of psychotherapy and drug therapy on brain activity in clients treated for social phobia

A

Mind, Body, and Therapeutic Interventions

90
Q

Transfer of treatment to community
77.4% treated as in-patients in 1955
27.1% in 1990
Good concept
Requires availability of mental health care in community. Otherwise…..

A

Psychological Disorders And Society-Deinstitutionalization

91
Q

Revolving door phenomenon
Repeated rehospitalizations
Large # of disturbed people who live on streets

A

Deinstitutionalization

92
Q

Severe emotional discomfort
Unable to handle problem or life transition
Past problem is worsening or has resurfaced
Thinking about, dreaming about, or responding to a traumatic event with negative emotions

A

ApplicationsWhen & Where to Seek Therapy-When

93
Q

School counselling center
Community agency
Hospital emergency room
Professional in private practice

A

ApplicationsWhen & Where to Seek Therapy-Where

94
Q

Degree of value similarity between therapist & client
Feeling of ease with therapist methods
Explicit, agreed-upon goals for treatment

A

ApplicationsWhen & Where to Seek Therapy-Therapist-client relationship

Psych midterm chapter 2 (4 decks)

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