Chapter 14: Personality - 15 marks Flashcards
Who are you? What makes you You?
Your behaviour is common to others but it is also distinctive!
Personality
Distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize a person’s response to situations
What is Personality?
you are like no one else
Personality-Identity
t’s inside you, not in the environment
Personality-Internal Causes
the pattern ‘fits together’, has meaning
Personality-Organized
Perceived characteristics of behaviours that are seen as reflecting an individual’s personality
Personality
Psychodynamic theorists look for the causes of behaviour in
A dynamic interplay of inner forces that often conflict with one another
The Psychodynamic Perspective
Unconscious part of mind
Powerful influence on behaviour
E.g., conversion hysteria
Physical symptoms appear without a physical cause
The Psychodynamic Perspective-Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Generated by instinctual drives
Discharged directly or indirectly
Psychodynamic Perspective-Psychic energy
are aware of
Psychodynamic Perspective-Mental events-Conscious
unaware but can be recalled
Psychodynamic Perspective-Preconscious
wishes, impulses, etc. are unaware of
Psychodynamic Perspective-Unconscious
Exists totally within the unconscious mind
It is the innermost core of the personality
The only structure present at birth,
The source of all psychic energy
No direct contact with reality and functions in a totally irrational manner
Freud: Structure of Personality-The id
Seeks immediate gratification or release
Regardless of rational considerations and environmental realities
Its dictum: “Want … take!
The Structure of Personality-Pleasure principle
Functions primarily at a conscious level
Functions to keep impulses of id in control
Delays gratification
Imparts self-control
It operates according to the reality principle
It tests reality to decide when and under what conditions the id can safely discharge its impulses and satisfy its needs
The Structure of Personality-The Ego
The last personality structure to develop
The moral arm of the personality
Controls impulses of id with external control
According to Freud, the superego developed by the age of four or five
Was the repository for the values and ideals of society
The Structure of Personality-Superego
Ego cannot always control id = conflict
Anxiety when impulses of id threaten to get out of control
Conflict, Anxiety, Defence
Weapon of ego
Are distortions of reality
Operate unconsciously
Cause of maladaptive behaviour
Conflict, Anxiety, Defence-Defence mechanisms
Focuses on specific pleasure-sensitive areas of body
Adult personality is function of progressing through theses stages
Psychosexual Development-Series of stages
Arrested development where instincts focused on particular area
Psychosexual Development-Fixation
Results genuine or result of ‘defence mechanism’?
Research on Psychoanalytic Theory-Difficult to test
Nonconscious processes have been demonstrated
Research on Psychoanalytic Theory-Unconscious processes
Concept of childhood sexuality rejected
Issue = importance of early experiences & emotional attachment
Research on Psychoanalytic Theory-Psychosexual stages
Freud failed to recognize social & cultural factors
Overemphasized infantile sexuality
Personality develops throughout life span
Childhood experiences were important but not sole determinants
Evaluating Psychoanalytic Theory-Neoanalysts
Motivated by social interest
Place social welfare above personal interests
Freud’s Legacy: Neoanalytic and Object Relations Approaches-Neoanalytic Approaches
Adler
Compensate for real/imagined defects
Become more competent
Freud’s Legacy: Neoanalytic and Object Relations Approaches-Striving for superiority
Focus = mental representations people form of themselves
Become ‘working models’ to interpret social interactions
Can generate self-fulfilling prophecies
Affects attachment styles in adult relationships
Secure vs. avoidant vs. anxious-ambivalent
Object Relations Approaches-Object relation theorists
Emphasis on role of conscious, creative potential, self-actualization
Humanistic Approach-Reaction to Freud
Maslow & Rogers
Innate tendency towards self-actualization
Humanistic Approach-Motivations for Behaviour
The total realization of one’s human potential
The individual’s creative potential is inborn and striving
Humanistic Approach-Self-actualization
Considered self-actualization to be the ultimate human need and the highest expression of human nature
Humanistic Approach-Abraham Maslow
Kelly’s primary interest was how people construct reality
Humanistic Approach-George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory
Are cognitive categories which sort the people and events in their lives
The primary basis for individual differences in personality
Humanistic Approach-Personal constructs
Central concept = self-concept
Organized , consistent set of perceptions & beliefs about oneself
Once established - tendency to maintain it
Humanistic Approach: Rogers-Carl Rogers Self Theory
Consistency among ‘self-perceptions’
Humanistic Approach: Rogers-Self-consistency
Consistency between self-perceptions & experience
Humanistic Approach: Rogers-Congruence
When experience does not ‘match’ the self-concept
Threat - Arises when the experience is inconsistent with self-concept
Why do people treat me like that? I am a …..
Humanistic Approach: Rogers
Not all people find me a good …
Humanistic Approach: Rogers-Healthy individuals modify self-concept
They are just not clever enough to see that I am a good …
Humanistic Approach: Rogers-Or can distort reality
Degree of congruence between self-concept & experience
Psychological Adjustment-Level of adjustment
Deny or distort reality to be consistent with self-concept
Psychological Adjustment-Maladjustment
Experiences are easily incorporated into self-concept
Psychological Adjustment-Healthy adjustment
How positively or negatively we feel about ourselves
Humanistic Approach-Self-esteem
Fewer interpersonal problems
More capable of forming loving relationships
Achieve at higher level
Humanistic Approach-High Self-esteem
Anxiety, depression, poor social relationships, underachievement
Humanistic Approach-Poor Self-esteem
More problematic than low self-esteem
May react aggressively when self-esteem threatened
Humanistic Approach-Self-esteem
Unstable / unrealistically high self-esteem
Enhanced self-esteem vs. mastery of the goal
Failure is problematic if goal is enhanced self-esteem
Humanistic Approach-Pursuit of self-esteem
Unconditional acceptance and love
Clear guidelines for behaviour
Reinforcement of compliance
Freedom to make decisions and express opinions within guidelines
Humanistic Approach-Self-esteem
Fostering self-esteem
Innate need for acceptance, sympathy, love
Humanistic Approach: Rogers-Need for Positive Regard