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Psych midterm chapter 2 > Chapter 16: Psychological Disorders - 18 marks > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Psychological Disorders - 18 marks Flashcards

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1
Q

Distressing
Dysfunctional
Deviant

A

What is Abnormal?-Social Construct 3 D’s

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2
Q

Abnormal behaviour = result of supernatural forces
Possessed by a spirit

A

Demenological View-Deviant Behaviour

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3
Q

Historical Perspectives On Deviant Behaviour-Treatment

A

Trephination - ‘hole in the skull’

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4
Q

Mental illnesses are diseases like physical illness that effect the brain (Hippocrates, 5th Century B.C.)

A

Historical Perspectives On Deviant Behaviour-Early biological views

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5
Q

General paresis - caused by syphilis
Disorders linked to physical causes
Current - physiological & psychological

A

Historical Perspectives On Deviant Behaviour-Breakthrough

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6
Q

Each of us has some degree (range) of vulnerability for developing a psychological disorder, given sufficient stress

A

The Vulnerability-Stress Model-The Diathesis-Stress Model

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7
Q

Means that clinicians using the system should show high levels of agreement in their diagnostic decisions.

A

Diagnosing Psychological Disorders-Reliability

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8
Q

Means that the diagnostic categories should accurately capture the essential features of the various disorders

A

Diagnosing Psychological Disorders-Validity

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9
Q

The DSM-5: Integrating Categorical and Dimensional Approaches
Detailed behaviour must be present for diagnosis
Five axes / dimensions
Assess both person & life situation

A

The DSM-5: Integrating Categorical and Dimensional Approaches

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10
Q

Diagnosis (e.g., depression, schizophrenia, social phobia)

A

Diagnosis (e.g., depression, schizophrenia, social phobia) Dimensions-Axis I: Clinical Symptoms

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11
Q

E.g., autism, mental retardation (typically first evident in childhood )
Personality disorders
Long lasting & encompass way of interacting with the world
E.g., Paranoid, Antisocial, Borderline Personality Disorders

A

Dimensions-Axis II: Developmental & Personality Disorders

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12
Q

E.g., brain injury or HIV/AIDS that can result in symptoms of mental illness

A

Dimensions-Axis III: Physical Conditions

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13
Q

Dimensions-Axis IV: Severity of Psychosocial Stressors E.g., death of a loved one, starting a new job, college, unemployment, marriage

A

Dimensions-Axis IV: Severity of Psychosocial Stressors

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14
Q

Dimensions-Axis V: Highest Level of Functioning Level of functioning both at present time & highest level within previous year

A

Dimensions-Axis V: Highest Level of Functioning

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15
Q

Critical Issues in Diagnostic Labelling-Social & Personal Becomes too easy to accept label as description of the individual
May accept the new identity implied by the label
May develop the expected role and outlook

A

Critical Issues in Diagnostic Labelling-Social & Personal

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16
Q

Involuntary commitment
Loss of civil rights
Indefinite detainment

A

Critical Issues in Diagnostic Labelling-Legal Consequences

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17
Q

Competency
State of mind at time of a judicial hearing
Insanity
State of mind at time crime was committed

A

Critical Issues in Diagnostic Labelling-Legal Consequences

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18
Q

Is not feeling apprehensive about some real threat

Definition
Frequency & intensity of responses are out of proportion to situations
Interferes with daily life
E.g., Phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive

A

Anxiety Disorders

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19
Q

Most develop during childhood, adolescence, young adulthood

A

Phobic Disorder-Strong, irrational fears of objects or situations

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20
Q

Can intensify over time

A

Phobic Disorder-Seldom go away on their own

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21
Q

Depends on how often condition is encountered

A

Phobic Disorder-Degree of impairment

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22
Q

Most Common in Western Society
Agoraphobia

Fear of open spaces, public places
Social phobias

Fear of certain situations
Specific phobias

Fear of specific objects such as animals or situations

A

Phobic Disorder

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23
Q

State of diffuse, ‘free-floating’ anxiety
Not tied to specific situation; condition
Feeling of something is going to happen; don’t know what
5% of population between 15-45 years

A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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24
Q

Occur suddenly, unpredictably, intense
May occur with or without agoraphobia
Fear of future attacks
3.5% of population

A

Panic Disorder

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25
Q

Obsessions = cognitive component
Repetitive & unwelcome thoughts
Compulsions = behavioural component
Repetitive behavioural responses
2.5% of population

A

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

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26
Q

Problem with impulse control and behavioural inhibition
Involvement of prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus

A

Neuroscience of OCD-Executive dysfunction model

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27
Q

Dysfunction in orbitofrontal cortex and associated areas

A

Neuroscience of OCD-
Modulatory control model

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28
Q

Genetics
MZ twins more similar than DZ twins
GABA
Low levels may cause highly reactive nervous systems

A

Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders and OCD-Biological Factors

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29
Q

Females exhibit more anxiety disorders than males
Differences emerge as early as seven years old

Possible explanations
Sex-linked biological disposition
Less power & personal control for women

A

Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders and OCD-Gender Differences

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30
Q

Unacceptable impulses threaten to overwhelm ego’s defenses
Cognitive Explanations
Maladaptive thoughts & beliefs
Things appraised ‘catastrophically’

A

Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders and OCD

Psychodynamic Explanations
Neurotic Anxiety

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31
Q

Classical conditioning:
Associating an object or situation with pain and trauma
Modeling
Learning by watching others

A

Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders and OCD-Learning Explanations

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32
Q

Culture defines what is important
Some disorders are ‘culturally bound’
Fear of offending someone; fear of being fat

A

Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders and OCD-Sociocultural Factors

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33
Q

Intense fear of being fat
Severely restrict food intake
90% are female
A potentially life-threatening disorder

A

Eating Disorders-Anorexia Nervosa

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34
Q

Binge and purge
90% are female

A

Eating Disorders-Bulimia Nervosa

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35
Q

Environmental, psychological, biological

Common in industrialized cultures (beauty equated with thinness)

Objectification theory
Cultural emphasis on viewing one’s body as object

A

Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia

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36
Q

Anorexics - Abnormally high achievement standards
Bulimics - Depressed, anxious

A

Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia-Personality factors

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37
Q

Higher concordance rate among identical twins

A

Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia-Genetics

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38
Q

Is not a ‘case of the blues’ or ‘having a bad day’
Clinical depression = frequency, intensity, duration of symptoms is out of proportion to situation

A

Mood (Affective) Disorders-Depression

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39
Q

Unable to function effectively

A

Mood (Affective) Disorders-Major depression

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40
Q

Chronic disruption of mood

A

Mood (Affective) Disorders-Dysthymia

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41
Q

Negative mood state

A

Mood (Affective) Disorders-Emotional

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42
Q

Difficulty concentrating; feelings of inferiority & failure, pessimism

A

Mood (Affective) Disorders-Cognitive

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43
Q

Loss of interest & drive

A

Mood (Affective) Disorders-Motivational

44
Q

Appetite loss, compulsive eating, sleep disturbances

A

Mood (Affective) Disorders-Somatic

45
Q

Depression alternates with mania
Manic state
Euphoric mood, grandiose cognitions
Rapid speech

A

Bipolar Disorder

46
Q

Data from numerous studies indicates
Depression is on the rise in young groups
The onset of depression increasing in 15- to 19-year-olds and in the 18 -25 age range
People born after 1960 are
Ten times more likely to experience depression than are their grandparents
Even though their grandparents have lived much longer

A

Prevalence and Course of Mood Disorders

47
Q

Women twice as likely to suffer from unipolar depression
Women are most likely to suffer their first episode of depression in their 20s, men in their 40s
No differences for bipolar disorder

A

Prevalence and Course of Mood Disorders-Gender Differences

48
Q

Genetic factors
Biochemical differences
Underactivity of norepinephrine, dopamine, seratonin

A

Causal Factors in Mood Disorders-Biological Factors
Depression

49
Q

Stronger genetic component than unipolar depression
50% have relative with disorder
Concordance rate is 5 times higher among identical twins compared to fraternal twins
Manic disorders - overactivity of neurotransmitters?

A

Biological Explanations-Bipolar disorder

50
Q

Early traumatic losses / rejections create vulnerability

A

Causal Factors in Mood Disorders-Psychological Factors
Personality-based vulnerability
Psychodynamic View

51
Q

Define self-worth in terms of individual attainment
React more strongly to failures; due to inadequacies
Experience of meaninglessness

A

Psychological Factors-Humanistic View

52
Q

Negative thoughts concerning:
The world
Oneself
The future
Cannot suppress negative thoughts
Recall more failures vs. successes

A

Cognitive Processes-Depressive Cognitive Triad

53
Q

Success = factors outside self
Negative outcomes = personal factors

A

Cognitive Processes-Depressive Attributional Pattern

54
Q

People expect bad events will occur and they can’t cope with them

A

Cognitive Processes-Learned Helplessness

55
Q

Loss of reinforcement
Depression occurs
Causes loss of social support
Deeper depression

A

Learning & Environmental Factors-Learning

56
Q

Poor parenting
Many stressful experiences
Failure to develop good coping skills
Failure to develop positive self-concept

A

Learning & Environmental Factors-Environmental

57
Q

Prevalence of depressive disorders
Less in Hong Kong & Taiwan than in the West
Feelings of guilt & inadequacy
Highest in North America & Western Europe
Gender difference not found in developing countries

A

Sociocultural Factors-Cultural Variation

58
Q

The World Health Organization estimates that nearly 500 000 people worldwide commit suicide annually, about 1.4 per minute
4000 per year in Canada
For indigenous peoples, the rate is at least double
2nd most frequent cause of death among 15-24 year olds

A

Applications-Understanding And Preventing Suicide
Willful taking of one’s life

59
Q

No known biological cause
Hypochondriasis
Unduly alarmed
Pain disorder
Out of proportion
Conversion disorder
Sudden neurological problems

A

Somatic Symptom Disorders

60
Q

Selective memory loss following trauma

A

Dissociative Disorders-Psychogenic amnesia

61
Q

Loss of all personal identity

A

Dissociative Disorders-Psychogenic fugue

62
Q

2 or more separate personalities

A

Dissociative Disorders-Dissociative identity disorder

63
Q

Own set of memories, ideas, thoughts
One identity may be protector; another a child

A

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)-Each identity is unique

64
Q

DID generally results from severe traumatic experience during early childhood

A

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)-What Causes Dissociative Identity Disorder?
Trauma-dissociation Theory

65
Q

Schizophrenia = ‘split-mind’
Characteristics of Schizophrenia
Severe disturbances in
Thinking
Delusions = false beliefs
Speech
Disorganized; strange words

A

Schizophrenia

66
Q

Hallucinations = false perceptions

A

Schizophrenia-Perception

67
Q

Blunted affect; inappropriate affect Behaviour

A

Schizophrenia-Emotion

68
Q

Delusions of persecution; grandeur

A

Subtypes of Schizophrenia-Paranoid

69
Q

Confusion; incoherence

A

Subtypes of Schizophrenia-Disorganized

70
Q

Severe motor disturbances

A

Subtypes of Schizophrenia-Catatonic

71
Q

Not easily classified as one of above

A

Subtypes of Schizophrenia-Undifferentiated

72
Q

Predominance of positive symptoms
Pathological extremes
Delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech & thought

A

Subtypes of Schizophrenia-Type I

73
Q

Predominance of negative symptoms
Absence of normal reactions
Lack of emotion, expression, motivation

A

Subtypes of Schizophrenia-Type II

74
Q

Long history of poor functioning
Poor recovery

A

Subtypes of Schizophrenia-Negative symptoms

75
Q

History of good functioning; better prognosis

A

Subtypes of Schizophrenia-Positive symptoms

76
Q

Twins - higher concordance rate

A

Schizophrenia: Biological Factors-Genetics

77
Q

Twins - higher concordance rate

A

Schizophrenia: Biological Factors-Genetics

78
Q

Neurodegenerative Hypothesis
Atrophy & Destruction of neural tissue

A

Schizophrenia: Biological Factors-Brain

79
Q

Overactivity of dopamine system
Regulate emotion, motivation, cognitive functioning
Antipsychotic drugs used for schizophrenia reduce dopamine activity

A

Schizophrenia: Biochemical Factors-Dopamine hypothesis

80
Q

Extreme use of defence mechanism regression (retreat to an earlier, more secure stage in life)
Not generally accepted but life stress is a factor

Cognitive
Defect in ability to filter

A

Schizophrenia: Psychological Factors-Freud

81
Q

Stressful life events
Family dynamics
Vulnerability factor & negative reactions from others

A

Schizophrenia: Environmental-Factors

82
Q

High levels of criticism
High levels of hostility
Overinvolvement in person’s life

A

Schizophrenia: Environmental-High in expressed emotion

83
Q

Higher levels of stress among low-income

A

Schizophrenia: Sociocultural Factors-Social Causation Hypothesis

84
Q

As functioning deteriorates- drift down socio-economic ladder

A

Schizophrenia: Sociocultural Factors-Social Drift Hypothesis

85
Q

Exhibit stable, ingrained, inflexible, and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
10 to 15 percent of adults in the United States, Canada, and European countries may have personality disorders

A

Personality Disorders

86
Q

Anti-Social Personality Disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder
Borderline personality disorder
Avoidant personality disorder
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Schizotypal personality disorder

A

Six personality disorders in the DSM-5

87
Q

The most destructive to society
Exhibit little anxiety or guilt
Tend to be impulsive
Unable to delay gratification of their needs
Actual antisocial behaviour occurs in only a portion of psychopathic individuals

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

88
Q

Genetic predisposition
Dysfunction in brain structures that govern self-control and emotional arousal?
MRI - differences in prefrontal lobes
Weaker limbic input to frontal cortex

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder- Causal Factors-Biological factors

89
Q

Lack of a superego

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder -Psychodynamic view-Causal Factors

90
Q

No conditioned fear responses when punished
Modeling of aggression
Inattention to children’s needs
Exposure to deviant peers

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder-Causal Factors-Learning explanations

91
Q

Consistent failure to think about or anticipate long-term negative consequences of acts

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder-Causal Factors-Cognitive

92
Q

Instability in behaviour, emotion, identity
Emotional dysregulation
Inability to control negative emotions
Intense and unstable personal relationships
Anger, loneliness, emptiness
Impulsive behaviour
Running away, promiscuity, drug abuse

A

Borderline Personality Disorder

93
Q

View others as less than helpful
Parents – abusive, rejecting, non-affirming

A

Borderline Personality Disorder: Causal Factors-Chaotic personal histories
Treated malevolently

94
Q

Over 20% of children aged 2-5 diagnosed with a DSM disorder
2 receiving particular attention:
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Autism

A

Disorders Of Childhood And Old Age

95
Q

Attentional difficulties
Hyperactivity-impulsivity
7-10% of North American children
Genetic predispositions
Brain scans = no consistent differences with normals
Why? Multifaceted disorder and interplay of environmental factors

A

Childhood Disorders-Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

96
Q

Extreme unresponsiveness to others
Poor communication skills
Lack of social responsiveness
Repetitive and stereotyped behaviours
Some exhibit savant abilities

A

Childhood Disorders-Autistic Spectrum Disorder

97
Q

In 2000, it was estimated that autism affects about one in every 2000 children,
About 80 percent of them boys

A

Childhood Disorders-Autistic Spectrum Disorder

98
Q

Brains – larger by 5-10% (age 18 months – 4 yrs)
Abnormal development in cerebellum

A

Autistic Spectrum Disorder: Causal Factors-Biological basis

99
Q

May be 4-6 major genes
20-30 others involved
No scientific evidence of link to vaccines

A

Autistic Spectrum Disorder: Causal Factors-Genetic factors

100
Q

May be 4-6 major genes
20-30 others involved
No scientific evidence of link to vaccines

A

Autistic Spectrum Disorder: Causal Factors-Genetic factors

101
Q

E.g., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Diseases

A

Dementia in Old Age-Gradual loss of cognitive abilities
Accompanies brain deterioration

102
Q

Dementia that begins after age 65
2:1 female-male ratio
Onset is typically gradual

A

Dementia in Old Age-Senile Dementia

103
Q

60% of dementias
Deterioration in frontal, temporal lobes
Plaques in brain
Destruction of acetylcholine

A

Dementia in Old Age-Alzheimer’s Disease

104
Q

Molecule of DNA
Contains many genes

A

Chromosomes and Genes-Chromosome

105
Q

Contain genetic blueprint

A

Chromosomes and Genes-Genes

106
Q

Exception: egg and sperm
23 chromosomes
Form new cell with 46 chromosomes

A

Chromosomes and Genes-Every Cell Has 46 Chromosomes (23 pairs

Psych midterm chapter 2 (4 decks)

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