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Psych midterm chapter 2 > Chapter 15: Stress, Coping and Health - 17 marks > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Stress, Coping and Health - 17 marks Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychologists have viewed stress in three different ways:
As a stimulus, a response, and an organism-environment interaction.

A

The Nature Of Stress

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2
Q

Eliciting stimuli, or events that place strong demands on us
These situations are termed stressors
Stress in this “stimulus” fashion when we make statements such as

A

The Nature Of Stress-Stress

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3
Q

Daily hassles

A

The Nature Of Stress-Microstressors

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4
Q

Transaction between organism & environment
Health indicators

A

The Nature Of Stress-Person-situation Interaction

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5
Q

Occur unexpectedly
Affect large #’s of people

A

Stressors-Catastrophic events

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6
Q

Stressful life events

A

Stressors-Major Negative Events

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7
Q

Life event scales have been widely used in life stress research

A

Measuring Stressful Life Events

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8
Q

Quantify stress over a given period of time
Indicate whether a particular event occurred
Appraisal of being positive or negative
Indicate amount of control, predictability

A

Measuring Stressful Life Events-Life Events Scale

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9
Q

demands of situation
What do I have to do?

A

Stress Response-Primary appraisal

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10
Q

resources available to cope
How can I cope?

A

Stress Response-Secondary appraisal

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11
Q

What are the ‘costs’ to me?

A

Stress Response-Judgments of consequences of situation

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12
Q

what does the outcome imply
What does this say about my beliefs in myself? World?

A

Stress Response-Personal meaning

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13
Q

Physiological reaction to prolonged stress

A

Chronic Stress and the GAS-General Adaptation Syndrome = GAS

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14
Q

Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion

A

Chronic Stress and the GAS-Three Phases

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15
Q

similar to ‘fight or flight’
Activation of sympathetic nervous system
Release of stress hormones - important = Cortisol
Triggers increase in blood sugars
Suppresses immune system

Cannot last indefinitely
Parasympathetic system tries to restore homeostasis
If stressor persists - so does response!

A

Chronic Stress and the GAS-Alarm - 1st phase

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16
Q

Continued recruitment of resources
Can last long time, but resources being depleted
Eventually are no longer sufficient

A

Chronic Stress and the GAS-Resistance – 2nd phase

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17
Q

Resources dangerously depleted
Increased vulnerability to disease
Can manifest itself with cardiovascular problems; immune system difficulties

A

Chronic Stress and the GAS-Exhaustion – 3rd phase

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18
Q

Work inspired medical and psychological researchers
To explore the effects of stress on
Physical and Psychological well-being

A

Stress and Health-Selye

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19
Q

Some stressors are so traumatic that they can have a strong and long-lasting psychological impact

A

Stress and Health-Stress and Psychological Well-Being

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20
Q

More negative life events = more psychological distress
But, Correlational so cannot determine causality

A

Stress and Health

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21
Q

A personality trait
People who are high in neuroticism have a heightened tendency to
Experience negative emotions and get themselves into stressful situations through their maladaptive behaviours
Some stressors have long lasting psychological impact
More negative life events - more likely to report psychological distress

A

Stress and Psychological Well-Being-Neuroticism

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22
Q

Severe anxiety, physiological arousal (the stress response), and distress
Painful, uncontrollable reliving of the event(s) in flashbacks, dreams, and fantasies
Emotional numbing and avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma
intense “survivor guilt” in instances where others were killed but the individual survived

A

Stress and Psychological Well-Being-Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
PTSD Symptoms

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23
Q

Result of the residential school experience
Individuals symptoms include recurrent intrusive memories, nightmares, flashbacks
Increased risk of alcohol and drug abuse starting at a very young age
Emotional detachment, relationship difficulties
Loss of and avoidance of cultural knowledge, and anger management problems

A

Stress and Psychological Well-Being-The Residential School Syndrome

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24
Q

Stress = Increase in chronic conditions
Arthritis, bronchitis, emphysema
Stress can be precursor to health problems
Stress = increased chance of health problems
Increases with # of stressors

A

Stress and Illness

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25
Q

Research has shown that the stress produced by marital conflict can produce a decrease in immune function

A

Stress and Illness

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26
Q

Decrease immune function
Demonstrated to occur within 24 hours
Worsen pre-existing conditions
Stress hormones contribute to blocked arteries
Deterioration of hippocampus and memory impairment

A

Stress and Illness-Other Consequences

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27
Q

Increase susceptibility to stress

A

Vulnerability and Protective Factors-Vulnerability Factors

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28
Q

Lack of support network
Poor coping skills
Pessimism

A

Vulnerability and Protective Factors-What Reduces Resistance?

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29
Q

Social support, coping skills, optimism

A

Vulnerability and Protective Factors-Protective Factors

30
Q

Blunts impact of stress
Sense of identity, meaning
May prevent maladaptive ways of coping

A

Vulnerability and Protective Factors-Social Support

31
Q

Shown among cancer patients - people who talk about negative life events

A

Vulnerability and Protective Factors-Enhances immune system

32
Q

Hardiness
Commitment - What they do is important
Control - Control (perceived) over situation
Challenge - Situation is a challenge not a threat
Which is the strongest component? - Control!

A

Vulnerability and Protective Factors-Why do some people suffer psychological and/or physiological distress and others do not?

33
Q

Specific to situation - these demands!

A

Coping Self-Efficacy-Belief we can successfully cope

34
Q

Previous successes
Observing others
Social persuasion / encouragement
Low levels of arousal
Shown to increase immune system functioning

A

Coping Self-Efficacy-Increased efficacy from:

35
Q

Things will work out
Realistic thinking or delusion?

A

Optimism-View/belief in the outcome

36
Q

Appraisal of being less helpless
Better adjustment to negative life events
Sense of less helplessness
Better health

A

Optimism-Optimists have

37
Q

High levels of competitiveness and ambition
Can be aggressive and hostile

A

Personality Factors-Type A

38
Q

More relaxed, agreeable

A

Personality Factors-Type B

39
Q

Experience a constant sense of time urgency
Irritable, impatience and hostility
The owner of this appointment book died of a heart attack shortly after the date on this schedule

A

Type A Personality

40
Q

Can help with effective coping
Certain religious beliefs can have negative effect on adjustment
E.g., Being punished; Guilt

A

Finding Meaning in Stressful Life Events-Finding meaning
Spiritual beliefs

41
Q

Coping With Stress-Which strategy is best?

A

Problem focused & Seeking social support

42
Q

Negative outcomes with
Avoidance, denial, wishful thinking
Positive outcomes with
Identifying & changing irrational thought patterns; relaxation techniques

A

Coping With Stress-What about emotion focused?

43
Q

Cannot always change situation!
With little control over the situation which is best?
Fewer maladaptive behaviours with emotion-focused
No strategy works for all situations!

A

Effectiveness of Coping Strategies

44
Q

Venting negative feelings may not be good for friendships but…
Inability to express negative feelings has costs
Higher likelihood of cancer
Expressing emotions in an adaptive manner
Long-term positive consequences on health

A

Bottling Up Feelings: The Costs of Constraint

45
Q

Research suggests that the impact of disclosure lessens over time

A

Bottling Up Feelings: The Costs of Constraint

46
Q

Favour problem-focused approach

A

Gender, Culture, and Coping-Gender Differences-Males

47
Q

Favour emotion-focused approach
Result of socialization?

A

Gender, Culture, and Coping-Gender Differences-Females

48
Q

Problem focused = North Americans & Europeans
Emotion-focused = Asians & Hispanics

A

Gender, Culture, and Coping-Cultural differences

49
Q

Recognizes the role that behaviour plays in health maintenance
Studies psychological and behavioural factors in the prevention and treatment of illness and in the maintenance of health

A

Health Promotion and Illness Prevention-Health Psychology

50
Q

Compared to the 1900, today’s killers are strongly influenced by behavioural factors

A

Health Promotion and Illness Prevention

51
Q

Serve to maintain or increase health
Exercise, healthy diets, safe sexual practices, regular medical checkups, and breast and testicular self-examination

A

Health Promotion and Illness Prevention-Health-enhancing behaviours

52
Q

Promote the development of illness
Smoking, fatty diets, a sedentary lifestyle, and unprotected sexual activity

A

Health Promotion and Illness Prevention-Health-compromising behaviours

53
Q

Recognizes the role that behaviour plays in health maintenance
Studies psychological and behavioural factors in the prevention and treatment of illness and in the maintenance of health

A

Health Promotion and Illness Prevention-Health Psychology

54
Q

Health practices are associated with longevity
Pattern of earlier mortality at younger age for males

A

Increasing Behaviours That Enhance Health

55
Q

Sedentary lifestyle & health problems
E.g., Heart disease, obesity

A

Increasing Behaviours That Enhance Health-Exercise

56
Q

Aerobic exercise
Oxygen better utilized; lower cholesterol levels
Moderate levels of exercise produce best results
Physical health
Longevity

A

Increasing Behaviours That Enhance Health-Benefits of exercise

57
Q

Is sustained activity
Such as jogging, swimming, and bicycling,
That elevates the heart rate and increases the body’s need for oxygen

A

Increasing Behaviours That Enhance Health-Aerobic exercise

58
Q

Self-monitoring & self-regulation
Behavioural self-regulation

A

Reducing Behaviours That Impair Health-Behavioural interventions

59
Q

Identify antecedents of behaviour

A

Reducing Behaviours That Impair Health-Self-monitoring

60
Q

Increases positive effects

A

Reducing Behaviours That Impair Health-Exercise

61
Q

Education
Motivation
Specific guidelines
Support
Challenge
Irrational sense of invulnerability among adolescents & young adults

A

Prevention Programs-Prevention Programs: AIDS
4 Basic features

62
Q

Substance abuse exacts an enormous toll on society
According to the World Health Organization
3 million deaths every year are the result of the misuse of alcohol

A

Combatting Substance Abuse

63
Q

The total cost of substance use in Canada is estimated to be $38.4 billion
Alcohol - $14.6 billion
Tobacco - $12 billion
Opioids - $3.5 billion
Cannabis - $2.8 billion

A

Combatting Substance Abuse

64
Q

Goal: Lead person to their own conclusion
Process: Question discrepancies between current state & self-image, behaviours
Counsellor: Provides guidelines, feedback

A

Psychological Approaches toTreatment and Prevention-Motivational Interviewing

65
Q

Combination of techniques
Can include
Biological measures
Learning techniques
Stress management
Coping skills
Counselling

A

Psychological Approaches to Treatment and Prevention-Multimodal Treatment Approaches

66
Q

Effectiveness of treatments show varying results
65% for alcohol abuse up to 1 year later
Long-term outcomes
30% for alcohol, smoking, other substances
Relapse Prevention
Relapse = return to undesirable behaviour Lapse = ‘one-time’ slip

A

Psychological Approaches toTreatment and Prevention

67
Q

Insufficient coping skills
Lack of self-efficacy
Expected positive benefits from substance

A

Psychological Approaches toTreatment and Prevention-What causes relapse?

68
Q

Self-blame & guilt reinforce sense of helplessness

A

Psychological Approaches toTreatment and Prevention-Abstinence violation effect

69
Q

Significant positive effects
Seen with brief interventions on binge drinking

A

Psychological Approaches to Treatment and Prevention-Harm Reduction Approaches to Prevention

70
Q

Goal is not to eliminate behaviour but to reduce harmful effects
Methadone, reduction of binge drinking, needle exchange programs

A

Psychological Approaches to Treatment and Prevention-Harm Reduction

71
Q

Was first used by the humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow (1954)
Current usage and meaning is based on
Martin Seligman’s
Since the 1950s psychology has focused too strongly on pathology—on treating illness

A

Positive Psychology

72
Q

Uses the scientific method and the research tools that psychologists have developed to study human behaviour
Focus on positive experience and well-being
Does not mean that psychology should ignore negative experience and illness
Psychological research-derived suggestions that may help you maintain and enhance personal happiness:
Spend time with others, and work to develop close relationships
Look for ways to be helpful to others, and reach out to the less fortunate
Set meaningful personal goals, and make progress toward them
Make time for enjoyable activities
Nurture physical well-being
Be open to new experiences
Cultivate optimism, and count your blessings

A

Positive Psychology

Psych midterm chapter 2 (4 decks)

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