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Human Biology - Unit 2 > Chapter 17 - Development Of A Human Embryo > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Development Of A Human Embryo Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a zygote develop into?

A

An embryo

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2
Q

What happens to a zygote after fertilisation?

A

It begins to travel down the uterine tube and divide by mitosis

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3
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

A hollow ball of cells that surround a cavity filled with fluid that forms during the early stages of embryonic development

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4
Q

When does a blastocyst develop?

A

About six days after fertilisation

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5
Q

What are the primary germ layers?

A
  • endoderm
  • mesoderm
  • ectoderm
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6
Q

What are the first two months of pregnancy referred to as?

A

The embryonic period

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7
Q

What structures does the endoderm form?

A
  • epithelium of alimentary canal and its glands
  • epithelium of the urinary bladder, urethra and gall bladder
  • epithelium of pharynx, larynx, auditory canal, trachea, bronchi and lungs
  • epithelium of tonsils, thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland
  • epithelium of vagina and associated glands
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8
Q

What structures does the mesoderm form?

A
  • skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles
  • cartilage, bone, blood and other connective tissue
  • lymphoid tissue
  • endothelium or the body cavity and joint cavities
  • epithelium of the kidneys and ureters
  • epithelium of the ovaries, testes and reproductive tracts
  • epithelium of the adrenal cortex
  • dermis of skin
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9
Q

What structures does the ectoderm form?

A
  • epidermis of skin
  • hair, nails, glands of skin
  • lens, cornea and muscles of the eye
  • receptor cells of the sense organs
  • epithelium of the mouth, nostrils, sinuses, glands of mouth and anal canal
  • enamel of teeth
  • entire nervous system
  • anterooms love of pituitary gland
  • adrenal medulla
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10
Q

What is the placenta?

A

The organ the supplies nutrients and removes wastes from the foetus, serves as an endocrine organ, producing hormones necessary to maintain pregnancy

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11
Q

Functions of the Placenta: Endocrine

A
  • secretes a number of hormones necessary for maintaining the pregnancy
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12
Q

Function of the Placenta: Excretory

A
  • transport nitrogenous wastes such as urea, uric acid, ammonia and creatinine from the foetal blood to the mothers blood for excretion by the mother’s kidneys
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13
Q

Function of the Placenta: Immune

A
  • transports antibodies from the mother into the foetal blood supply so that the foetus has immunity to some infectious diseases
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14
Q

Function of the Placenta: Nutritional

A
  • transports nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals from the mothers blood to the foetal blood
  • stores some essential nutrients early in pregnancy and releases them later when demand is greater
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15
Q

Function of the Placenta: Respiratory

A
  • transports oxygen from the mother to the foetus, and carbon dioxide from the foetus to the mother
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16
Q

What are the roles of the Placenta?

A
  • endocrine
  • excretory
  • immune
  • nutritional
  • respiratory

(Every evening I need rest)

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17
Q

When has the Placenta fully formed?

A

By the end of the third month

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18
Q

What are embryonic membranes?

A

Four membranes that lie outside the embryo and serve to protect and nourish as it develops

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19
Q

What is the amnion?

A

The first embryonic membrane to develop

20
Q

What happens to amnion 8 days after fertilisation?

A

It surrounds the embryo, inclosing a cavity into which it secrete amniotic fluid

21
Q

What does amniotic fluid do?

A
  • protects the embryo from physical injury by acting as a shock absorber
  • maintains a constant temperature
  • allows the embryo and later, foetus to move freely
22
Q

What happens to the amnion before childbirth?

A

It ruptures releasing the amniotic fluid, referred to as breaking of the waters

23
Q

What do the additional two embryonic membranes do?

A

Become parts of the umbilical cord

24
Q

What is the second embryonic membranes?

A

Chorion

25
Q

What is the chorion formed from?

A

The outer layers of the blastocyst and a layer of mesodermal cells

26
Q

How long is an embryo after 1 month?

A

Just under 4mm long

27
Q

What occurs during the fifth week of pregnancy?

A

The arm and leg buds start to appear (arm buds slightly more advanced)

28
Q

What has occurred by the 8th week of pregnancy?

A
  • embryo has a recognisably human form
  • all organs are present (not all fully functional)
  • 3cm in length and 1 g
  • sex is evident as external sexual organs are formed
29
Q

What is the function of the chorion?

A

Becomes the main part of the foetal portion of the Placenta

30
Q

What is on one side of a blastocyst?

A

A group of about 30 cells called the inner cell mass

31
Q

What is implantation?

A

The process by which the blastocyst sinks/implants into the endometrium

32
Q

When does implantation occur?

A

2-3 days after the blastocyst has arrived in the uterus

8-9 days after fertilisation

33
Q

What does the umbilical chord do?

A

Carries blood from the foetus and mother

34
Q

What are primary germ layers?

A

Embryonic tissues that will differentiate into all the tissues and organs of the body

35
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A SINGLE CELL that results from the fertilisation of an egg by a sperm

36
Q

What is the inner cell mass?

A

The group of cells in the blastocyst that develop into the embryo

37
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that have the ability to specialise into different types of body cells

38
Q

What is proliferation?

A

The process by which cells replicate themselves

39
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells that are similar in structure and function

40
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process by which unspecialised cells develop special characteristics, to suit particular functions

41
Q

What are the three sources of stem cells?

A
  1. Umbilical corps and placental stem cells
  2. Embryonic stem cells
  3. Adult stem cells
42
Q

Totipotent stem cells

A
  • can give rise to all the cell types that make up the human body and all the cells that surround the developing embryo (including the Placenta)
43
Q

Pluripotent stem cells

A
  • can give rise to all the cell types that make up the body but not all the cell types that make up the embryonic membranes
44
Q

Multipotent stem cells

A
  • can develop into more than one of the cells types that make up the body but not all cell types
45
Q

What are the three types of stem cells?

A
  • totipotent
  • pluripotent
  • multipotent

Human Biology - Unit 2 (9 decks)

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