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Human Biology - Unit 2 > Chapter 15 - Production Of Sex Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Production Of Sex Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells

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2
Q

What are gonads?

A

Organs that produce sex cells

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3
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A somatic cell that contains 46 chromosomes.

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4
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A sex cell that contains 23 chromosomes.

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5
Q

What is the product of mitosis?

A

Diploids for growth and repair.

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6
Q

What is the product of meiosis?

A

Gametes for sexual reproduction.

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7
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The product of fusion of the male and female gametes at fertilisation.

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8
Q

What are the male gametes?

A

Spermatozoa

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9
Q

What are the female gametes?

A

Ova

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10
Q

What does sexual reproduction involve?

A

The joining together of gametes

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11
Q

What are primary sex organs?

A

The organs that produce gametes.

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12
Q

What are secondary sex organs?

A

Organs that store gametes, bring them together for fertilisation and support the developing baby

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13
Q

What are the male primary sex organs/gonads?

A

Testes

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14
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

In a skin covered pouch called the scrotum which is the supporting structure for the testes

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15
Q

Why do the testes lie on the outside of the body cavity?

A

Because the production and development of sperm requires a temperature about 2 degrees lower than body temperature.

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16
Q

What happens when the testes are too cold/hot?

A

Smooth muscles fibres contract to move them closer or further away from the body

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17
Q

What is the structure of the seminiferous tubules?

A

200-300 lobules

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18
Q

What is the function of seminiferous tubules?

A

Lined with cells that divide during spermatogenesis to produce male gametes

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19
Q

What is the function of interstitial cells?

A

Secrete testosterone

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20
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Stores sperm and transports in from the testes to the vas deferens

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21
Q

What does sperm require?

A
  • a watery medium in which to swim
  • a nourishing environment that provides sugars they need
  • protection against the acidic environment of the vagina
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22
Q

What does semen do?

A

Nourishes and aids the transport of sperm

23
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens?

A

Carries sperm away from testes and connects with the urethra

24
Q

What is the function/structure of the seminal vesicles?

A
  • pair of pouch like glands

- secrete a thick, sugary fluid that makes up 60% of sperm

25
Q

What is the structure/function of the prostate gland?

A
  • single gland, shaped like a donut
  • where the two vas deferens join the urethra
  • secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid that also becomes part of semen
26
Q

What is the function/structure of the bulbo-urethral glands?

A
  • two small yellow glands the size of a pea
  • secretes clear lubricating mucus
  • much of the secretion precedes the emission of seminal fluid
27
Q

What is the glans covered by?

A

The foreskin

28
Q

What does the penis contain?

A

Connective tissue called erectile tissue

29
Q

What are the functions/characteristics of erectile tissue?

A
  • rich blood supply
  • has a large number of sponge like spaces
  • during intercourse the spaces fill with blood which causes the penis to stiffen, enlarge and become erect
30
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

Produce ova and hormones

31
Q

What is each ovary composed of?

A

A mass of connective tissue called stroma, which is surrounded by a layer of cells containing numerous germ cells

32
Q

What are germ cells enclosed in?

A

A follicle

33
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

Holds, protects and nourishes the developing baby during pregnancy

34
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

Directs sperm into the uterus during interocurse

35
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A

Receives the penis during intercourse and acts as a birth canal

36
Q

What is the function of the labia minora?

A

Surround the space into which the vagina and urethra open

37
Q

What is the function of the labia majora?

A

Contains glands that produce an oily secretion

38
Q

What is the function of the clitoris?

A

Contains erectile tissue that becomes engorged when stimulated

39
Q

What is the function of the uterine tubes?

A

Carries eggs from the ovaries to the uterus

40
Q

What is the function of the fimbriae?

A

Directs ova into the uterine tubes

41
Q

What holds the ovaries in place?

A

Ligaments

42
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules lined with?

A

Immature cells called spermatogonia

43
Q

What happens to spermatogonia at puberty?

A

They begin to divide by mitosis and in doing so provide a continuous source for the production of new sperm

44
Q

What happens to the daughter cells of spermatogonia before they undergo spermatogenesis?

A

They are pushed inward to the centre of the tubule, where they undergo a period of growth

45
Q

What are primary spermatocytes?

A

Cells that undergo the first stage of meiosis to produce secondary spermatocytes

46
Q

What is the final stage of spermatogenesis?

A

When the spermatids mature into spermatozoa

47
Q

When does spermatogenesis start occurring?

A

At puberty

48
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take?

A

From spermatogonium to spermatozoa, 72 days

49
Q

What are egg mother cells called?

A

Oogonia

50
Q

What are primary oocytes surrounded by?

A

Primary follicle

51
Q

What is the order of the development of ova?

A

Oogonia - primary oocyte - secondary oocyte - ootid - mature ovum

52
Q

That are the products of the primary oocytes dividing in the first stage of meiosis?

A
  • secondary oocyte
  • first polar body

(Two cells unequal in size)

53
Q

What does the secondary oocyte immediately start to do?

A

Commences the second division of meiosis, stopping at metaphase.
At this stage the follicle ruptures and ovulation occurs, and if fertilisation occurs the final meiosis division occurs, producing a mature ovum

Human Biology - Unit 2 (9 decks)

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