Chapter 15 - Production Of Sex Cells

Question 1

What are gametes?

Answer 1

Sex cells

Question 2

What are gonads?

Answer 2

Organs that produce sex cells

Question 3

What is a diploid cell?

Answer 3

A somatic cell that contains 46 chromosomes.

Question 4

What is a haploid cell?

Answer 4

A sex cell that contains 23 chromosomes.

Question 5

What is the product of mitosis?

Answer 5

Diploids for growth and repair.

Question 6

What is the product of meiosis?

Answer 6

Gametes for sexual reproduction.

Question 7

What is a zygote?

Answer 7

The product of fusion of the male and female gametes at fertilisation.

Question 8

What are the male gametes?

Answer 8

Spermatozoa

Question 9

What are the female gametes?

Answer 9

Ova

Question 10

What does sexual reproduction involve?

Answer 10

The joining together of gametes

Question 11

What are primary sex organs?

Answer 11

The organs that produce gametes.

Question 12

What are secondary sex organs?

Answer 12

Organs that store gametes, bring them together for fertilisation and support the developing baby

Question 13

What are the male primary sex organs/gonads?

Answer 13

Testes

Question 14

Where are the testes located?

Answer 14

In a skin covered pouch called the scrotum which is the supporting structure for the testes

Question 15

Why do the testes lie on the outside of the body cavity?

Answer 15

Because the production and development of sperm requires a temperature about 2 degrees lower than body temperature.

Question 16

What happens when the testes are too cold/hot?

Answer 16

Smooth muscles fibres contract to move them closer or further away from the body

Question 17

What is the structure of the seminiferous tubules?

Answer 17

200-300 lobules

Question 18

What is the function of seminiferous tubules?

Answer 18

Lined with cells that divide during spermatogenesis to produce male gametes

Question 19

What is the function of interstitial cells?

Answer 19

Secrete testosterone

Question 20

What is the function of the epididymis?

Answer 20

Stores sperm and transports in from the testes to the vas deferens

Question 21

What does sperm require?

Answer 21

• a watery medium in which to swim
• a nourishing environment that provides sugars they need
• protection against the acidic environment of the vagina

Question 22

What does semen do?

Answer 22

Nourishes and aids the transport of sperm

Question 23

What is the function of the vas deferens?

Answer 23

Carries sperm away from testes and connects with the urethra

Question 24

What is the function/structure of the seminal vesicles?

Answer 24

• pair of pouch like glands

- secrete a thick, sugary fluid that makes up 60% of sperm

Question 25

What is the structure/function of the prostate gland?

Answer 25

- single gland, shaped like a donut - where the two vas deferens join the urethra - secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid that also becomes part of semen

Question 26

What is the function/structure of the bulbo-urethral glands?

Answer 26

- two small yellow glands the size of a pea - secretes clear lubricating mucus - much of the secretion precedes the emission of seminal fluid

Question 27

What is the glans covered by?

Answer 27

The foreskin

Question 28

What does the penis contain?

Answer 28

Connective tissue called erectile tissue

Question 29

What are the functions/characteristics of erectile tissue?

Answer 29

- rich blood supply - has a large number of sponge like spaces - during intercourse the spaces fill with blood which causes the penis to stiffen, enlarge and become erect

Question 30

What is the function of the ovaries?

Answer 30

Produce ova and hormones

Question 31

What is each ovary composed of?

Answer 31

A mass of connective tissue called stroma, which is surrounded by a layer of cells containing numerous germ cells

Question 32

What are germ cells enclosed in?

Answer 32

A follicle

Question 33

What is the function of the uterus?

Answer 33

Holds, protects and nourishes the developing baby during pregnancy

Question 34

What is the function of the cervix?

Answer 34

Directs sperm into the uterus during interocurse

Question 35

What is the function of the vagina?

Answer 35

Receives the penis during intercourse and acts as a birth canal

Question 36

What is the function of the labia minora?

Answer 36

Surround the space into which the vagina and urethra open

Question 37

What is the function of the labia majora?

Answer 37

Contains glands that produce an oily secretion

Question 38

What is the function of the clitoris?

Answer 38

Contains erectile tissue that becomes engorged when stimulated

Question 39

What is the function of the uterine tubes?

Answer 39

Carries eggs from the ovaries to the uterus

Question 40

What is the function of the fimbriae?

Answer 40

Directs ova into the uterine tubes

Question 41

What holds the ovaries in place?

Answer 41

Ligaments

Question 42

What are the seminiferous tubules lined with?

Answer 42

Immature cells called spermatogonia

Question 43

What happens to spermatogonia at puberty?

Answer 43

They begin to divide by mitosis and in doing so provide a continuous source for the production of new sperm

Question 44

What happens to the daughter cells of spermatogonia before they undergo spermatogenesis?

Answer 44

They are pushed inward to the centre of the tubule, where they undergo a period of growth

Question 45

What are primary spermatocytes?

Answer 45

Cells that undergo the first stage of meiosis to produce secondary spermatocytes

Question 46

What is the final stage of spermatogenesis?

Answer 46

When the spermatids mature into spermatozoa

Question 47

When does spermatogenesis start occurring?

Answer 47

At puberty

Question 48

How long does spermatogenesis take?

Answer 48

From spermatogonium to spermatozoa, 72 days

Question 49

What are egg mother cells called?

Answer 49

Oogonia

Question 50

What are primary oocytes surrounded by?

Answer 50

Primary follicle

Question 51

What is the order of the development of ova?

Answer 51

Oogonia - primary oocyte - secondary oocyte - ootid - mature ovum

Question 52

That are the products of the primary oocytes dividing in the first stage of meiosis?

Answer 52

- secondary oocyte - first polar body (Two cells unequal in size)

Question 53

What does the secondary oocyte immediately start to do?

Answer 53

Commences the second division of meiosis, stopping at metaphase. At this stage the follicle ruptures and ovulation occurs, and if fertilisation occurs the final meiosis division occurs, producing a mature ovum