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Human Biology - Unit 2 > Chapter 16 - Reproductive Cycles And Fertilisation > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Reproductive Cycles And Fertilisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

A series of events that take place within the ovaries

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2
Q

What does the ovarian cycle include?

A
  • the maturation of an egg
  • the release of an egg into the uterine tube
  • the development of follicles in the ovary
  • the formation of the corpus luteum
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3
Q

How long does the ovarian cycle last for?

A

20 to 40 days with an average of 28 days

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4
Q

What is a primary follicle?

A

A single layer of cells that form a sphere around an immature egg

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5
Q

What happens to the follicles during puberty?

A

A layer of cells surrounds the developing egg that secrete to produce a fluid filled space that forces the egg to the edge of the follicle

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6
Q

What is a secondary follicle?

A

The follicle that develops during puberty

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7
Q

What is a Graafian follicle?

A

A matured follicle that produces a bulge on the surface of the ovary

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8
Q

How many days does it take for a primary follicle to develop into into a Graafian follicle?

A

10-14 days

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9
Q

What is ovulation?

A

The process of when the Graafian follicle burst and expels the egg into the uterine tube

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10
Q

What do beating cilia do during ovulation?

A

Create a current that sweeps the egg into the uterine tube

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11
Q

What happens to the ruptured follicle after ovulation?

A
  • forms a clot

- clot is absorbed by the remaining follicle cells to form the corpus luteum

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12
Q

What does the corpus luteum do?

A

Secretes hormones that influence the development of the inning of the uterus

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13
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

A fibrous mass of scar tissue that is the degeneration of the corpus luteum

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14
Q

What happens if fertilisation occurs?

A

The corpus luteum continues to develop and the ovarian cycles cease

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15
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

A series of events and changes that occurs in the uterus and to a lesser extent, the vagina

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16
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

The lining of the uterus

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17
Q

What are the stages of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • menstruation
  • preovulation
  • ovulation
  • secretion
  • premenstruation
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18
Q

What is menarche?

A

When menstruation first begins

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19
Q

What is menopause?

A

When the menstrual cycle stops and the changes that occur at puberty are reversed

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20
Q

How many eggs reach maturity?

A

400 out of 400,000

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21
Q

What are the endocrine glands?

A

Glands that make

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22
Q

What is the time span of menstruation?

A

Days 1-4

23
Q

What is the time span of preovulation?

A

Days 5-12

24
Q

What is the timespan of ovulation?

A

Days 13-15

25
Q

What is the timespan of secretion?

A

Days 16-20

26
Q

What is the timespan of premenstruation?

A

Days 21-28

27
Q

What occurs in menstruation?

A

Uterine bleeding and shedding of the endometrium

28
Q

What occurs during preovulation?

A
  • endometrial repair begins
  • development of the ovarian follicle
  • uterine lining thickens
29
Q

What occurs during ovulation?

A
  • rupture or mature follicle, releasing egg
30
Q

What occurs during secretion?

A
  • secretion of watery mucus by glands of endometrium, cervix and uterine tubes
  • movement and breakdown of unfertilised egg
  • development of the corpus luteum
31
Q

What occurs during premenstruation?

A
  • degeneration of corpus luteum

- deterioration of endometrium

32
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Characteristics associated with a person’s sex but are not directly involved in sexual reproduction

33
Q

What are male secondary sexual characteristics?

A
  • pubic, armpit, chest and facial hair
  • increase in size of larynx
  • lengthening of vocal chords
  • deepening of voice
34
Q

What are female secondary sexual characteristics?

A
  • enlarging breasts
  • broadening of hips
  • growth of pubic bones
  • deposition of fat
  • pubic hair
35
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone - male

A

From: pituitary gland
Target organ: seminiferous tubules of testes
Effect: production of sperm

36
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone - female

A

From: pituitary gland
Target organ: follicles of ovaries
Effect: maturation kid ovarian follicles

37
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin

A

From: placenta
Target organ: corpus luteum
Effect: maintenance of corpus luteum during early stages of pregnancy

38
Q

Lactogenic hormone (prolactin)

A

From: pituitary gland
Target organ: breasts
Effect: production of milk in activated glands

39
Q

Luteinising hormone - male

A

From: pituitary gland
Target organ: interstitial cells of testes
Effect: stimulates secretion of testosterone

40
Q

Luteinising hormone - female

A

From: pituitary gland
Target organ:cells of ovaries
Effect: stimulates secretions of oestrogen and progesterone

41
Q

Oestrogens

A

From: ovarian follicle and corpus luteum
Target organ: various
Effect: development of female reproductive system, development of secondary sexual characteristics

42
Q

Oxytocin

A

From: pituitary gland
Target organ: uterus, breasts
Effect: stimulates contraction of smooth muscle, promotes contraction of muscles cells surrounding breast lobules

43
Q

Progesterone

A

From: corpus luteum
Target organ: uterus, placenta, breasts
Effect: maintenance of endometrium, development and maintenance of placenta, development of milk secreting glands

44
Q

Testosterone

A

From: interstitial cells of testes
Target organ: various
Effect: development of male reproductive system, development of male secondary sexual characteristics

45
Q

What is insemination?

A

The process in which sperm is released into the vagina at the entrance of the uterus

46
Q

Where does the sperm go once it is in the vagina?

A

The spree travel through the cervix and the body of the uterus into the uterine tubes

47
Q

Where do spermatozoa reach?

A

The upper third of the uterine tubes

48
Q

Why are large numbers of spermatozoa required?

A

Because sperm mortality is high and many sperm are required to supply enough enzymes to break down the acids holding the corona radiata together

49
Q

How many sperm reach the uterine tubes?

A

A few thousand out of hundreds of millions

50
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

When the egg is a third of the way down the uterine tube

51
Q

What is the mature egg surrounded by?

A

A layer of follicle cells called the corona radiata

52
Q

What holds the corona radiata together?

A

Acids

53
Q

What do the tips of sperm contain?

A

An enzyme capable of breaking down the acids holding the corona radiata together

54
Q

What is the cycle of the ovarian follicle?

A

Primary follicle - secondary follicle - Graafian follicle - corpus luteum - corpus albicans

Human Biology - Unit 2 (9 decks)

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