Chapter 16 - Reproductive Cycles And Fertilisation

Question 1

What is the ovarian cycle?

Answer 1

A series of events that take place within the ovaries

Question 2

What does the ovarian cycle include?

Answer 2

• the maturation of an egg
• the release of an egg into the uterine tube
• the development of follicles in the ovary
• the formation of the corpus luteum

Question 3

How long does the ovarian cycle last for?

Answer 3

20 to 40 days with an average of 28 days

Question 4

What is a primary follicle?

Answer 4

A single layer of cells that form a sphere around an immature egg

Question 5

What happens to the follicles during puberty?

Answer 5

A layer of cells surrounds the developing egg that secrete to produce a fluid filled space that forces the egg to the edge of the follicle

Question 6

What is a secondary follicle?

Answer 6

The follicle that develops during puberty

Question 7

What is a Graafian follicle?

Answer 7

A matured follicle that produces a bulge on the surface of the ovary

Question 8

How many days does it take for a primary follicle to develop into into a Graafian follicle?

Answer 8

10-14 days

Question 9

What is ovulation?

Answer 9

The process of when the Graafian follicle burst and expels the egg into the uterine tube

Question 10

What do beating cilia do during ovulation?

Answer 10

Create a current that sweeps the egg into the uterine tube

Question 11

What happens to the ruptured follicle after ovulation?

Answer 11

• forms a clot

- clot is absorbed by the remaining follicle cells to form the corpus luteum

Question 12

What does the corpus luteum do?

Answer 12

Secretes hormones that influence the development of the inning of the uterus

Question 13

What is the corpus albicans?

Answer 13

A fibrous mass of scar tissue that is the degeneration of the corpus luteum

Question 14

What happens if fertilisation occurs?

Answer 14

The corpus luteum continues to develop and the ovarian cycles cease

Question 15

What is the menstrual cycle?

Answer 15

A series of events and changes that occurs in the uterus and to a lesser extent, the vagina

Question 16

What is the endometrium?

Answer 16

The lining of the uterus

Question 17

What are the stages of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 17

• menstruation
• preovulation
• ovulation
• secretion
• premenstruation

Question 18

What is menarche?

Answer 18

When menstruation first begins

Question 19

What is menopause?

Answer 19

When the menstrual cycle stops and the changes that occur at puberty are reversed

Question 20

How many eggs reach maturity?

Answer 20

400 out of 400,000

Question 21

What are the endocrine glands?

Answer 21

Glands that make

Question 22

What is the time span of menstruation?

Answer 22

Days 1-4

Question 23

What is the time span of preovulation?

Answer 23

Days 5-12

Question 24

What is the timespan of ovulation?

Answer 24

Days 13-15

Question 25

What is the timespan of secretion?

Answer 25

Days 16-20

Question 26

What is the timespan of premenstruation?

Answer 26

Days 21-28

Question 27

What occurs in menstruation?

Answer 27

Uterine bleeding and shedding of the endometrium

Question 28

What occurs during preovulation?

Answer 28

- endometrial repair begins - development of the ovarian follicle - uterine lining thickens

Question 29

What occurs during ovulation?

Answer 29

- rupture or mature follicle, releasing egg

Question 30

What occurs during secretion?

Answer 30

- secretion of watery mucus by glands of endometrium, cervix and uterine tubes - movement and breakdown of unfertilised egg - development of the corpus luteum

Question 31

What occurs during premenstruation?

Answer 31

- degeneration of corpus luteum | - deterioration of endometrium

Question 32

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 32

Characteristics associated with a person's sex but are not directly involved in sexual reproduction

Question 33

What are male secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 33

- pubic, armpit, chest and facial hair - increase in size of larynx - lengthening of vocal chords - deepening of voice

Question 34

What are female secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 34

- enlarging breasts - broadening of hips - growth of pubic bones - deposition of fat - pubic hair

Question 35

Follicle stimulating hormone - male

Answer 35

From: pituitary gland Target organ: seminiferous tubules of testes Effect: production of sperm

Question 36

Follicle stimulating hormone - female

Answer 36

From: pituitary gland Target organ: follicles of ovaries Effect: maturation kid ovarian follicles

Question 37

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Answer 37

From: placenta Target organ: corpus luteum Effect: maintenance of corpus luteum during early stages of pregnancy

Question 38

Lactogenic hormone (prolactin)

Answer 38

From: pituitary gland Target organ: breasts Effect: production of milk in activated glands

Question 39

Luteinising hormone - male

Answer 39

From: pituitary gland Target organ: interstitial cells of testes Effect: stimulates secretion of testosterone

Question 40

Luteinising hormone - female

Answer 40

From: pituitary gland Target organ:cells of ovaries Effect: stimulates secretions of oestrogen and progesterone

Question 41

Oestrogens

Answer 41

From: ovarian follicle and corpus luteum Target organ: various Effect: development of female reproductive system, development of secondary sexual characteristics

Question 42

Oxytocin

Answer 42

From: pituitary gland Target organ: uterus, breasts Effect: stimulates contraction of smooth muscle, promotes contraction of muscles cells surrounding breast lobules

Question 43

Progesterone

Answer 43

From: corpus luteum Target organ: uterus, placenta, breasts Effect: maintenance of endometrium, development and maintenance of placenta, development of milk secreting glands

Question 44

Testosterone

Answer 44

From: interstitial cells of testes Target organ: various Effect: development of male reproductive system, development of male secondary sexual characteristics

Question 45

What is insemination?

Answer 45

The process in which sperm is released into the vagina at the entrance of the uterus

Question 46

Where does the sperm go once it is in the vagina?

Answer 46

The spree travel through the cervix and the body of the uterus into the uterine tubes

Question 47

Where do spermatozoa reach?

Answer 47

The upper third of the uterine tubes

Question 48

Why are large numbers of spermatozoa required?

Answer 48

Because sperm mortality is high and many sperm are required to supply enough enzymes to break down the acids holding the corona radiata together

Question 49

How many sperm reach the uterine tubes?

Answer 49

A few thousand out of hundreds of millions

Question 50

Where does fertilisation occur?

Answer 50

When the egg is a third of the way down the uterine tube

Question 51

What is the mature egg surrounded by?

Answer 51

A layer of follicle cells called the corona radiata

Question 52

What holds the corona radiata together?

Answer 52

Acids

Question 53

What do the tips of sperm contain?

Answer 53

An enzyme capable of breaking down the acids holding the corona radiata together

Question 54

What is the cycle of the ovarian follicle?

Answer 54

Primary follicle - secondary follicle - Graafian follicle - corpus luteum - corpus albicans