Chapter 17: Alteration in Conitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function

Question 1

Name the three major neural systems involved in functional adequacy

Answer 1

Cognitive
Sensory
Motor

Question 2

State of awareness of both oneself and the environment and a set of responses to that environment

Answer 2

Full Consciousness

Question 3

State of being awake, mediated by the reticular-activating system

Answer 3

Arousal

Question 4

Encompasses all cognitive functions and is mediated by attentional, memory, language, and executive systems

Answer 4

Awareness

Question 5

Loss of the ability to think rapidly and clearly; impaired judgement and decision making

Answer 5

Confusion

Question 6

Beginning loss of consciousness; disorientation time, followed by disorientation to place and impaired memory; recognition of self is lost last

Answer 6

Disorientation

Question 7

Limited spontaneous movement or speech; easy arousal with normal speech or touch; may not be oriented to time, place, or person

Answer 7

Lethargy

Question 8

Mild-to-moderate reduction in arousal with limited response to the environment; falls asleep unless verbally or tactilely stimulated; answers questions with minimum responses

Answer 8

Obtunded

Question 9

Condition of deep sleep or unresponsiveness; person may be aroused or caused to open eyes only by vigorous and repeated stimulation; response is often withdrawal or grabbing at stimulus

Answer 9

Stupor

Question 10

No verbal response to the external environment or to any stimuli; noxious stimuli such as deep pain or suctioning yields motor movement

Answer 10

Coma

Question 11

Associated with purposeful movement on stimulation

Answer 11

Light coma

Question 12

Associated with unresponsiveness or no response to any stimulus

Answer 12

Deep coma

Question 13

Prolonged inspiratory and expiratory phases caused by inujury to the pons or upper medulla

Answer 13

Apneustic Respirations

Question 14

Periods of rapid respirations of near equal depth, resulting from trauma or compression to the medulla or rom chronic opioid abuse

Answer 14

Cluster respirations

Question 15

Irregular respirations with prolonged periods of apnea associated with damage to the medulla

Answer 15

Ataxic Respirations

Question 16

Loss of past memories

Answer 16

Retrograde amnesia

Question 17

Inability to form new memories

Answer 17

Anterograde amnesia

Question 18

Loss of comprehension or production of language

Answer 18

Aphasia

Question 19

Expressive and Receptive

Answer 19

Dysphasia

Question 20

Expressive dysphasia of speech and writing but with retention of comprehension

Answer 20

Broca Aphasia

Question 21

Involves anterior and posterior speech areas, with expressive and receptive aphasia

Answer 21

Global aphasia

Question 22

Progressive failure of cerebral functions that cause impairment

Answer 22

Dementia

Question 23

Greatest risk factors for Alzheimer Disease

Answer 23

age and family hx

Question 24

Treatment for AD

Answer 24

no disease-arresting therapies available
Cholinesterase inhibitors can enhance cholinergic transmission
Antiamyloid drugs

Question 25

onset is less than 60 years of age, rare, severe degenerative disease of the frontal lobes

Answer 25

Frontotemporal Dementia

Question 26

Sudden, transient disruption in normal brain electrical function caused by abnormal excessive discharges of cortical neurons

Answer 26

Seizure

Question 27

A recurrence of seizures and a disorder for which no cause can be found

Answer 27

Epilepsy

Question 28

A tonic-clonic (jerky/contracted/relax) movements associated with some seizures

Answer 28

Convulsions

Question 29

When seizure activity lasts for more than 30 minutes

Answer 29

Status Epilepticus

Question 30

Six causes of epilepsy

Answer 30

Genetic
Structural
Metabolic
Immune
Infections
Unknown

Question 31

The person initially stiffens and loses consciousness, causing them to fall to the ground

Answer 31

Tonic Phase

Question 32

Rhythmic twitching or jerking of one or several muscles

Answer 32

Clonic Phase

Question 33

Normal ICP level

Answer 33

5-15 mmHg/60-180 mm/H2O

Question 34

Stage 1 of Increased ICP causes

Answer 34

Vasoconstriction and external compression

Question 35

Stage 2 of Increased ICP shows continued:

Answer 35

expansion of intracranial content

Question 36

Stage 3 of increased ICP:

Answer 36

Brain hypoxia and Hypercapnia; Autoregulation lost

Question 37

Stage 4 of increased ICP:

Answer 37

Herniation

Question 38

Increase in the fluid (ICF or ECF) within the brain

Answer 38

Cerebral Edema

Question 39

The clinically most important type of cerebral edema

Answer 39

Vasogenic

Question 40

Slow onset, usually from antipsychotic drugs

Answer 40

Tardive Dyskinesia

Question 41

Abnormal, involuntary movements that occur as spscm

Answer 41

Paroxysmal Dyskinesia

Question 42

Severe degeneration of the basal ganglia (corpus striatum) involving the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway

Answer 42

Parkinson’s Disease

Question 43

A degenerative disorder diffusely involving the lower and upper motor neurons. Movement is more affected than the brain. Progressive muscle weakness leads to respiratory failure

Answer 43

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig Disease)

Question 44

Pathological laughter or crying

Answer 44

Hypermimesis

Question 45

Loss of voice modulation

Answer 45

Hypomimesis