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Pathophysiology Test 2 > Chapter 16- Pain, Temp, Sleep & Sensory Fx COPY > Flashcards

Chapter 16- Pain, Temp, Sleep & Sensory Fx COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What theory states that the amount of pain is related to the amount of tissue injury

A

Specificity theory

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2
Q

What theory describes the time of impulse intensity and repatterning if the CNS.

A

Pattern Theory

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3
Q

The theory that explains the complexities of the pain phenomenon. Pain is modulated by these located in the substantia gelitinosa in the spinal cord

A

Gate control theory

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4
Q

This theory explains that large myelinated A-delta fibers and small unmyelinated C fibers respond to a broad range of painful stimuli, such as mechanical, thermal, and chemical. These nociceptive transmissions open the “_____”

A

Gate control theory

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5
Q

This theory expounds on the gate control theory. Brain produces patterns of nerve impulses drawn from various inputs, including genetic, psycholgic and cognitive experiences. Proposes that sensory inputs to the brain produce patters of pain, but the stimuli may independently originate in the brain with no external input

A

Neuromatrix Theory

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6
Q

This pain pathway ascends to higher centers in the CNS

A

Afferent pathway

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7
Q

This pathway descends from the CNS to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

A

Efferent pathway

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8
Q

Begins when tissue is damaged by exposure to chemical, mechanical, or thermal noxious stimuli and is converted to electrophysiological activity

A

Transduction

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9
Q

Conduction of pain impulses along the A and C fibers into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and eventually to the reticular formation, hypothalamus, thalamus, and limbic system

A

Transmission

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10
Q

The conscious awareness of pain

A

Perception

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11
Q

Process of increasing or decreasing transmission of pain signals throughout the nervous system

A

Modulation

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12
Q

This type of fiber has fast transmission and causes reflex withdrawal of affected body part from stimulus before pain sensation is perceived. Myelinated.

A

A-delta Fibers

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13
Q

Stimulated by mechanical, thermal, and chemical nociceptors

A

Unmyelinated C polymodal fibers

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14
Q

large myelinated fibersthat transmit touch and vibration sensations

A

A-beta Fibers

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15
Q

the lowest intensity of pain that a person can recognize

A

Pain Threshold

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16
Q

the greatest intensity of pain that an individual can endure and is very individualized; varies greatly among people

A

Pain Tolerance

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17
Q

A-beta fibers stimulated and impulses arrive at same spinal level as A-delta or C fiber impulses. Decreases pain transmission

A

Segmental inhibition

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18
Q

Diffuse noxious inhibitory control (DNIC), simultaneous pain stimulation and inhibition

A

Conditioned pain modulation

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19
Q

Cognitive expectations can have an affect on pain

A

Expectancy-related cortical activation

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20
Q

What are the two inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA and glycine

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21
Q

These inhibit pain impulses in spinal cord, brain, and periphery. Examples: epi

A

Endogenous Opioids

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22
Q

Pain with normal tissue injury from a known cause. Can be Somatic and visceral

A

Nociceptive Pain

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23
Q

Neuropathic pain and can be peripheral or central

A

Nonnociceptive Pain

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24
Q

Pain that is less than three months:

Pain that is more than three months:

A

Acute

Chronic

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25
Q

Clinical manifestations of acute pain:

A

tachycardia, HTN, diaphoresis, dilated pupils, anxiety

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26
Q

Acute ______ pain arises from joints, muscle, bone, and skin. Use A-delta fibers: pain is sharp and well localized. C fibers: pain is dull, aching, throbbing, and poorly localized

A

Acute Somatic Pain

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27
Q

In acute ________ pain, pain arises from the internal organs and lining of body cavities. Pain is poorly localized as a result of the fewer number of nociceptors

A

Acute visceral Pain

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28
Q

This type of pain is the result of primary lesion or dysfunction in nervous system, often chronic, burning/shooting/tingling/shocklike

A

Neuropathic Pain

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29
Q

With aging, pain threshold

A

increases

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30
Q

With aging, pain tolerance

A

decreases

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31
Q

Normal range of temperature

A

36.2-37.7 C (97.2-99.9)

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32
Q

What controls temperature regulation?

A

Hypothalamus

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33
Q

Mechanisms of heat loss:

A

radiation, conduction, convection, vasodilation, decreased muscle tone, evaporation, increased pulmonary ventilation, voluntary mechanisms, heat adaptation

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34
Q

Mechanisms of heat conservation

A

vasoconstriction, voluntary mechanisms

35
Q

Infants produce significant body heat by using _____ ____ but are unable to conserve heat

A

brown fat

36
Q

Endotoxins produced by pathogens:

A

Exogenous pyrogens

37
Q

Benefits of fever:

A

deprives bacteria of food, kills many organisms, aids infectious response

38
Q

At __ degrees C you see nerve damage, convulsions

A

41 (105.8)

39
Q

At ____ degrees, death occurs

A

43 (109.4)

40
Q

heat cramps are associated with ____ loss

A

sodium

41
Q

Three things that accompany heat cramps:

A

Fever
Rapid pulse
Increased BP

42
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Heat Stroke include:

A

cerebral edema, degeneration of the CNS, swollen dendrites, renal tubular necrosis, hepatic failure, delirium, coma

43
Q

A life-threatening complication of an inherited muscular disorder and is precipitated by anesthetics

A

Malignant Hyperthermia

44
Q

Two phases of sleep:

A

REM and NREM

45
Q

Where is the major sleep center

A

Hypothalamus

46
Q

REM occurs every 90 minutes, beginning after __ to __ hours of sleep

A

1 to 2

47
Q

Three stages of NREM sleep (N1, N2, N3). Which is stage is spent the most time

A

N2

48
Q

Newborns sleep __ to __ hours/day

A

16 to 18 hrs/day

49
Q

Intrinsic and extrinsic sleep disorders and circadian rhythm sleep disorders

A

Dyssomnias

50
Q

Arousal and sleeppwake transition disorders and REM sleep disorders

A

Parasomnias

51
Q

Sensation involving modality, intensity, location, and duration

A

Touch

52
Q

Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles and Merkel disks and Ruffini endings are what

A

Receptors in the skin for touch

53
Q

Inflammation of the eyelids

A

Belpharitis

54
Q

Infection of sebaceous glands of the eyelids

A

Hordeolum (stye)

55
Q

Noninfectious lipogranuloma of the meibomian (oil-secreting) gland

A

Chalazion

56
Q

Common eyelid malposition in which the lid margin turns inward against the eyeball

A

Entropion

57
Q

Inflammation of the conjunctiva

A

Conjunctivitis

58
Q

Cornea inflammation

A

Keratitis

59
Q

Deviation of one eye from the other

A

Strabismus

60
Q

Involuntary unilateral or bilateral rhythmic movement of the eyes

A

Nystagmus

61
Q

Lazy eye

A

Amblyopia

62
Q

Circumscribed defect of the central field of vision

A

Scotoma

63
Q

Cloudy or opaque area in the ocular lens and leads to visual loss

A

Cataracts

64
Q

Intraocular pressures above the normal pressures of 12-20 mmHg are maintained by the aqueous fluid

A

Glaucoma

65
Q

Drusen or retinal waste produces accumulate in the deep retinal layers

A

Age-related macular degeneration

66
Q

Process whereby the thickness of the lens changes

A

Accomodation

67
Q

Nearsightedness

A

Myopia

68
Q

Farsightedness

A

Hyperopia

69
Q

Unequal curvature of the cornea

A

Astigmatism

70
Q

Defective vision in one half of a visual field

A

Hemianopia

71
Q

The complete loss of vision in the inner one-half of one eye and the outer one-half of the other eye

A

Homonymous hemianopsia

72
Q

Edema of the optic nervecaused by increased ICP

A

Papilledema

73
Q

External ear is involved only with (Pinna):

A

Hearing

74
Q

Middle ear transmits sound to the inner ear and contains what:

A

Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)
Oval window, Eustachian tube, and fluid

75
Q

Loss of hearing for sounds in the high-frequency range

A

Presbycusis

76
Q

Infection of the outer ear or canal and is commonly caused by prolonged moisture exposure

A

Otitis externa

77
Q

Infection in middle ear

A

Otitis media

78
Q

Impaired sense of smell

A

Hyposmia

79
Q

Complete loss of smell

A

Anosmia

80
Q

Arise from hyperactivity in cortical neurons and involve smelling odors that are not really present

A

Olfactory hallucinations

81
Q

Abnormal or perverted sense of smell

A

Parosmia

82
Q

What cranial nerves responsible for taste?

A

VII and IX

83
Q

Decrease in taste sensation:

Absence of taste:

A

Hypogeusia

Aguesia

Pathophysiology Test 2 (10 decks)

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