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Pathophysiology Test 2 > Chapter 16- Pain, Temp, Sleep & Sensory Fx COPY COPY > Flashcards

Chapter 16- Pain, Temp, Sleep & Sensory Fx COPY COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What theory states that the amount of pain is related to the amount of tissue injury

A

Specificity theory

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2
Q

What theory describes the time of impulse intensity and repatterning if the CNS.

A

Pattern Theory

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3
Q

The theory that explains the complexities of the pain phenomenon. Pain is modulated by these located in the substantia gelitinosa in the spinal cord

A

Gate control theory

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4
Q

This theory explains that large myelinated A-delta fibers and small unmyelinated C fibers respond to a broad range of painful stimuli, such as mechanical, thermal, and chemical. These nociceptive transmissions open the “_____”

A

Gate control theory

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5
Q

This theory expounds on the gate control theory. Brain produces patterns of nerve impulses drawn from various inputs, including genetic, psycholgic and cognitive experiences. Proposes that sensory inputs to the brain produce patters of pain, but the stimuli may independently originate in the brain with no external input

A

Neuromatrix Theory

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6
Q

This pain pathway ascends to higher centers in the CNS

A

Afferent pathway

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7
Q

This pathway descends from the CNS to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

A

Efferent pathway

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8
Q

Begins when tissue is damaged by exposure to chemical, mechanical, or thermal noxious stimuli and is converted to electrophysiological activity

A

Transduction

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9
Q

Conduction of pain impulses along the A and C fibers into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and eventually to the reticular formation, hypothalamus, thalamus, and limbic system

A

Transmission

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10
Q

The conscious awareness of pain

A

Perception

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11
Q

Process of increasing or decreasing transmission of pain signals throughout the nervous system

A

Modulation

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12
Q

This type of fiber has fast transmission and causes reflex withdrawal of affected body part from stimulus before pain sensation is perceived. Myelinated.

A

A-delta Fibers

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13
Q

Stimulated by mechanical, thermal, and chemical nociceptors

A

Unmyelinated C polymodal fibers

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14
Q

large myelinated fibersthat transmit touch and vibration sensations

A

A-beta Fibers

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15
Q

the lowest intensity of pain that a person can recognize

A

Pain Threshold

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16
Q

the greatest intensity of pain that an individual can endure and is very individualized; varies greatly among people

A

Pain Tolerance

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17
Q

A-beta fibers stimulated and impulses arrive at same spinal level as A-delta or C fiber impulses. Decreases pain transmission

A

Segmental inhibition

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18
Q

Diffuse noxious inhibitory control (DNIC), simultaneous pain stimulation and inhibition

A

Conditioned pain modulation

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19
Q

Cognitive expectations can have an affect on pain

A

Expectancy-related cortical activation

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20
Q

What are the two inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA and glycine

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21
Q

These inhibit pain impulses in spinal cord, brain, and periphery. Examples: epi

A

Endogenous Opioids

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22
Q

Pain with normal tissue injury from a known cause. Can be Somatic and visceral

A

Nociceptive Pain

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23
Q

Neuropathic pain and can be peripheral or central

A

Nonnociceptive Pain

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24
Q

Pain that is less than three months:

Pain that is more than three months:

A

Acute

Chronic

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25
Clinical manifestations of acute pain:
tachycardia, HTN, diaphoresis, dilated pupils, anxiety
26
Acute ______ pain arises from joints, muscle, bone, and skin. Use A-delta fibers: pain is sharp and well localized. C fibers: pain is dull, aching, throbbing, and poorly localized
Acute Somatic Pain
27
In acute ________ pain, pain arises from the internal organs and lining of body cavities. Pain is poorly localized as a result of the fewer number of nociceptors
Acute visceral Pain
28
This type of pain is the result of primary lesion or dysfunction in nervous system, often chronic, burning/shooting/tingling/shocklike
Neuropathic Pain
29
With aging, pain threshold
increases
30
With aging, pain tolerance
decreases
31
Normal range of temperature
36.2-37.7 C (97.2-99.9)
32
What controls temperature regulation?
Hypothalamus
33
Mechanisms of heat loss:
radiation, conduction, convection, vasodilation, decreased muscle tone, evaporation, increased pulmonary ventilation, voluntary mechanisms, heat adaptation
34
Mechanisms of heat conservation
vasoconstriction, voluntary mechanisms
35
Infants produce significant body heat by using _____ ____ but are unable to conserve heat
brown fat
36
Endotoxins produced by pathogens:
Exogenous pyrogens
37
Benefits of fever:
deprives bacteria of food, kills many organisms, aids infectious response
38
At __ degrees C you see nerve damage, convulsions
41 (105.8)
39
At ____ degrees, death occurs
43 (109.4)
40
heat cramps are associated with ____ loss
sodium
41
Three things that accompany heat cramps:
Fever Rapid pulse Increased BP
42
Clinical Manifestations of Heat Stroke include:
cerebral edema, degeneration of the CNS, swollen dendrites, renal tubular necrosis, hepatic failure, delirium, coma
43
A life-threatening complication of an inherited muscular disorder and is precipitated by anesthetics
Malignant Hyperthermia
44
Two phases of sleep:
REM and NREM
45
Where is the major sleep center
Hypothalamus
46
REM occurs every 90 minutes, beginning after __ to __ hours of sleep
1 to 2
47
Three stages of NREM sleep (N1, N2, N3). Which is stage is spent the most time
N2
48
Newborns sleep __ to __ hours/day
16 to 18 hrs/day
49
Intrinsic and extrinsic sleep disorders and circadian rhythm sleep disorders
Dyssomnias
50
Arousal and sleeppwake transition disorders and REM sleep disorders
Parasomnias
51
Sensation involving modality, intensity, location, and duration
Touch
52
Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles and Merkel disks and Ruffini endings are what
Receptors in the skin for touch
53
Inflammation of the eyelids
Belpharitis
54
Infection of sebaceous glands of the eyelids
Hordeolum (stye)
55
Noninfectious lipogranuloma of the meibomian (oil-secreting) gland
Chalazion
56
Common eyelid malposition in which the lid margin turns inward against the eyeball
Entropion
57
Inflammation of the conjunctiva
Conjunctivitis
58
Cornea inflammation
Keratitis
59
Deviation of one eye from the other
Strabismus
60
Involuntary unilateral or bilateral rhythmic movement of the eyes
Nystagmus
61
Lazy eye
Amblyopia
62
Circumscribed defect of the central field of vision
Scotoma
63
Cloudy or opaque area in the ocular lens and leads to visual loss
Cataracts
64
Intraocular pressures above the normal pressures of 12-20 mmHg are maintained by the aqueous fluid
Glaucoma
65
Drusen or retinal waste produces accumulate in the deep retinal layers
Age-related macular degeneration
66
Process whereby the thickness of the lens changes
Accomodation
67
Nearsightedness
Myopia
68
Farsightedness
Hyperopia
69
Unequal curvature of the cornea
Astigmatism
70
Defective vision in one half of a visual field
Hemianopia
71
The complete loss of vision in the inner one-half of one eye and the outer one-half of the other eye
Homonymous hemianopsia
72
Edema of the optic nervecaused by increased ICP
Papilledema
73
External ear is involved only with (Pinna):
Hearing
74
Middle ear transmits sound to the inner ear and contains what:
Malleus (hammer) Incus (anvil) Stapes (stirrup) Oval window, Eustachian tube, and fluid
75
Loss of hearing for sounds in the high-frequency range
Presbycusis
76
Infection of the outer ear or canal and is commonly caused by prolonged moisture exposure
Otitis externa
77
Infection in middle ear
Otitis media
78
Impaired sense of smell
Hyposmia
79
Complete loss of smell
Anosmia
80
Arise from hyperactivity in cortical neurons and involve smelling odors that are not really present
Olfactory hallucinations
81
Abnormal or perverted sense of smell
Parosmia
82
What cranial nerves responsible for taste?
VII and IX
83
Decrease in taste sensation: | Absence of taste:
Hypogeusia | Aguesia

Pathophysiology Test 2 (10 decks)

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