Chapter 17

Question 1

During the last half of the 1800s, the dramatic industrial growth of the United States was caused by all of the following factors except

Answer 1

Low tariffs on imports

Question 2

The steel industry emerged in

Answer 2

western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio

Question 3

The shipping of iron ore was made easier by

Answer 3

The invention of the steam engine

Question 4

The purpose of the Bessemer-Kelly process was to

Answer 4

burn the impurities out of iron by blowing air through it

Question 5

The initial development of the steel industry was most significantly aided by the

Answer 5

invention of Bessemer and open-hearth processes

Question 6

The steel industry of the late 1800s prospered in all of the following states except

Answer 6

Arkansas

Question 7

The Duryea brothers invented the

Answer 7

first gasoline-driven motor vehicle

Question 8

The new method of management called “Taylorism” led directly to all of the following techniques except

Answer 8

vertical integration

Question 9

Railroads contributed to the economic growth of the United States in all of the following ways except

Answer 9

by encouraging diversified control of the transportation industries

Question 10

After the Civil War, the growth of railroads was aided by

Answer 10

subsidies from local, state, and federal governments

Question 11

After the Civil War, the emergence of the modern corporation was aided by all of the following developments except

Answer 11

the success of pool arrangements among various companies

Question 12

Andrew Carnegie rose “from rags to riches” by

Answer 12

cutting costs and prices for his products

Question 13

The combining of a number of firms engaged in the same business, such as the merging of many different petroleum drilling companies into one company, is an example of

Answer 13

horizontal integration

Question 14

John D. Rockefeller and other captains of industry engaged in the attempt to create monopolies through all of the following methods except

Answer 14

conglomerates

Question 15

A holding company is a form of consolidation in which a

Answer 15

central corporate body formally purchases the stocks of various corporations

Question 16

By the end of the 1800s, the use of pools, trusts, and holding companies by big business resulted in

Answer 16

a concentration of economic power in the hands of a few

Question 17

The American public opposed the large corporations and their misuse of power on the grounds that they were

Answer 17

threatening Republican society

Question 18

Despite the common belief in “rags to riches,” the power and wealth of most industrial tycoons were based on all of the following dubious practices except

Answer 18

abusing the public offices to which they were elected

Question 19

The “Erie War” of 1868 involved a form of corruption in which businessmen

Answer 19

gave payoffs to members of the state legislature in return for their support of favorable legislation

Question 20

The philosophy of Social Darwinism promoted the idea that

Answer 20

only the fittest individuals survived in a free marketplace

Question 21

Social Darwinism is the

Answer 21

sociological theory that humans can progress only if left free to compete with one another, with the finest surviving and the unfit perishing

Question 22

The philosophy of Social Darwinism appealed to some American businessmen because it justified their belief that

Answer 22

their business tactics were legitimate

Question 23

Herbert Spencer argued that society as a whole, and business in particular, benefited when the weak were eliminated and the strongest and fittest were left to prosper. This theory is called

Answer 23

Social Darwinism

Question 24

“The Gospel of Wealth,” as advanced by Andrew Carnegie, promoted the concept that people with wealth should

Answer 24

use their resources to help society

Question 25

The idea that a rich person should be merely a trustee of wealth and should seek to use those funds for the good of the community is known as

Answer 25

the Gospel of Wealth

Question 26

Russell H. Conwell’s lecture “Acres of Diamonds” advanced the idea that

Answer 26

great wealth was available to any industrious worker

Question 27

The Reform Darwinism of men like Lester Frank Ward argued that

Answer 27

men can control their future by using government to wipe out poverty by adjusting the environment to their needs

Question 28

The political concept that a “single tax” on land would destroy monopolies, distribute wealth more equally, and eliminate poverty was authored by

Answer 28

Henry George

Question 29

As an alternative to Social Darwinism, Henry George’s 1879 book Progress and Poverty proposed

Answer 29

a tax on land that would distribute wealth more equitably

Question 30

In Edward Bellamy’s novel Looking Backward, “nationalism” is defined as

Answer 30

government control and distribution of economic resources

Question 31

Throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s, most Americans blamed monopolies for all of the following problems except

Answer 31

the rapid decline in the standard of living

Question 32

As a result of the industrialization of the late 1800s, American workers experienced a

Answer 32

rise in their standard of living

Question 33

In the late 1800s, the “new” immigrants to eastern cities tended to come from

Answer 33

southern and eastern Europe

Question 34

In the late 1800s, the American laborers faced all of the following hardships except

Answer 34

paying high taxes on their wages

Question 35

The increased employment of women and children in industry was due to

Answer 35

the decreasing need for skilled labor in the factories

Question 36

By 1900, the percent of women who were wage earners was

Answer 36

20

Question 37

Although 38 state legislatures passed child labor laws in the late 1800s, these laws generally proved ineffective because the majority of children

Answer 37

were employed in agriculture, which was usually exempt from the laws

Question 38

In the 1870s, efforts by the labor unions to gain bargaining power were unsuccessful primarily because

Answer 38

many Americans feared the tactics of the unions and considered them too radical

Question 39

The railroad strike of 1877 indicated that

Answer 39

business was becoming national rather than local in scope

Question 40

The Knights of Labor was

Answer 40

by definition open to anyone who “toiled”

Question 41

In its efforts to help workers, the American Federation of Labor sought

Answer 41

short-term gains such as pay increases, the eight-hour day, and improved working conditions

Question 42

The American Federation of Labor (AFL) advocated

Answer 42

strikes

Question 43

The Haymarket Square Riot of 1886 was

Answer 43

an indication to many members of the public that labor was riddled with radicals

Question 44

The Homestead strike of 1892 was significant to the future of American labor because it

Answer 44

crippled the power of the steel workers to unionize

Question 45

The outcome of the Pullman strike of 1894 indicated that the federal government would

Answer 45

intervene on the side of management rather than labor

Question 46

Labor made few real gains during the last decades of the 1800s because of all the following circumstances except

Answer 46

the unions were comprised of primarily unskilled workers

Question 47

The greatest significance for the worker of Frederick Taylor’s scientific management was

Answer 47

the need for fewer skilled workers, which led to greater employer control

Question 48

All of the following contributed to the growth of industry in late nineteenth-century America except

Answer 48

the growth in canal mileage to transport raw materials and finished goods

Question 49

Andrew Carnegie became the major supplier of

Answer 49

steel by using vertical integration to control all aspects of its manufacture

Question 50

The main reason business leaders looked to establish monopolies in their industries was to

Answer 50

eliminate excessive competition, which made markets unstable

Question 51

Henry George believed that the great inequality between rich and poor during the Industrial Revolution was a result of

Answer 51

rising land values that made owners wealthy at the expense of society

Question 52

Over the course of the late nineteenth century, immigration to the United States

Answer 52

increasingly came from southern and eastern Europe

Question 53

Women became a greater part of the industrial labor force in post–Civil War America because

Answer 53

many working-class families needed more than one income to survive

Question 54

The first major labor union that organized on a national scale was

Answer 54

the Knights of Labor

Question 55

In late-nineteenth-century America, unions had difficulty prospering because

Answer 55

middle-class values heralded individualism and private property, and unions were seen as a threat to these

Question 56

The Pullman strike of 1894 broke new ground in labor-management relations because

Answer 56

the federal government became involved by sending troops, and issuing an injunction

Question 57

The lesson from the novels of Horatio Alger is best summarized by the statement

Answer 57

“Rags to riches.”

Question 58

Which of the following is an example of the influence of corporate power on politics in the decades following the Civil War?

Answer 58

the use of state and federal troops to protect company property during strikes