Chapter 17 Flashcards
During the last half of the 1800s, the dramatic industrial growth of the United States was caused by all of the following factors except
Low tariffs on imports
The steel industry emerged in
western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio
The shipping of iron ore was made easier by
The invention of the steam engine
The purpose of the Bessemer-Kelly process was to
burn the impurities out of iron by blowing air through it
The initial development of the steel industry was most significantly aided by the
invention of Bessemer and open-hearth processes
The steel industry of the late 1800s prospered in all of the following states except
Arkansas
The Duryea brothers invented the
first gasoline-driven motor vehicle
The new method of management called “Taylorism” led directly to all of the following techniques except
vertical integration
Railroads contributed to the economic growth of the United States in all of the following ways except
by encouraging diversified control of the transportation industries
After the Civil War, the growth of railroads was aided by
subsidies from local, state, and federal governments
After the Civil War, the emergence of the modern corporation was aided by all of the following developments except
the success of pool arrangements among various companies
Andrew Carnegie rose “from rags to riches” by
cutting costs and prices for his products
The combining of a number of firms engaged in the same business, such as the merging of many different petroleum drilling companies into one company, is an example of
horizontal integration
John D. Rockefeller and other captains of industry engaged in the attempt to create monopolies through all of the following methods except
conglomerates
A holding company is a form of consolidation in which a
central corporate body formally purchases the stocks of various corporations
By the end of the 1800s, the use of pools, trusts, and holding companies by big business resulted in
a concentration of economic power in the hands of a few
The American public opposed the large corporations and their misuse of power on the grounds that they were
threatening Republican society
Despite the common belief in “rags to riches,” the power and wealth of most industrial tycoons were based on all of the following dubious practices except
abusing the public offices to which they were elected
The “Erie War” of 1868 involved a form of corruption in which businessmen
gave payoffs to members of the state legislature in return for their support of favorable legislation
The philosophy of Social Darwinism promoted the idea that
only the fittest individuals survived in a free marketplace
Social Darwinism is the
sociological theory that humans can progress only if left free to compete with one another, with the finest surviving and the unfit perishing
The philosophy of Social Darwinism appealed to some American businessmen because it justified their belief that
their business tactics were legitimate
Herbert Spencer argued that society as a whole, and business in particular, benefited when the weak were eliminated and the strongest and fittest were left to prosper. This theory is called
Social Darwinism
“The Gospel of Wealth,” as advanced by Andrew Carnegie, promoted the concept that people with wealth should
use their resources to help society
The idea that a rich person should be merely a trustee of wealth and should seek to use those funds for the good of the community is known as
the Gospel of Wealth
Russell H. Conwell’s lecture “Acres of Diamonds” advanced the idea that
great wealth was available to any industrious worker
The Reform Darwinism of men like Lester Frank Ward argued that
men can control their future by using government to wipe out poverty by adjusting the environment to their needs
The political concept that a “single tax” on land would destroy monopolies, distribute wealth more equally, and eliminate poverty was authored by
Henry George
As an alternative to Social Darwinism, Henry George’s 1879 book Progress and Poverty proposed
a tax on land that would distribute wealth more equitably
In Edward Bellamy’s novel Looking Backward, “nationalism” is defined as
government control and distribution of economic resources
Throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s, most Americans blamed monopolies for all of the following problems except
the rapid decline in the standard of living
As a result of the industrialization of the late 1800s, American workers experienced a
rise in their standard of living
In the late 1800s, the “new” immigrants to eastern cities tended to come from
southern and eastern Europe
In the late 1800s, the American laborers faced all of the following hardships except
paying high taxes on their wages
The increased employment of women and children in industry was due to
the decreasing need for skilled labor in the factories
By 1900, the percent of women who were wage earners was
20
Although 38 state legislatures passed child labor laws in the late 1800s, these laws generally proved ineffective because the majority of children
were employed in agriculture, which was usually exempt from the laws
In the 1870s, efforts by the labor unions to gain bargaining power were unsuccessful primarily because
many Americans feared the tactics of the unions and considered them too radical
The railroad strike of 1877 indicated that
business was becoming national rather than local in scope
The Knights of Labor was
by definition open to anyone who “toiled”
In its efforts to help workers, the American Federation of Labor sought
short-term gains such as pay increases, the eight-hour day, and improved working conditions
The American Federation of Labor (AFL) advocated
strikes
The Haymarket Square Riot of 1886 was
an indication to many members of the public that labor was riddled with radicals
The Homestead strike of 1892 was significant to the future of American labor because it
crippled the power of the steel workers to unionize
The outcome of the Pullman strike of 1894 indicated that the federal government would
intervene on the side of management rather than labor
Labor made few real gains during the last decades of the 1800s because of all the following circumstances except
the unions were comprised of primarily unskilled workers
The greatest significance for the worker of Frederick Taylor’s scientific management was
the need for fewer skilled workers, which led to greater employer control
All of the following contributed to the growth of industry in late nineteenth-century America except
the growth in canal mileage to transport raw materials and finished goods
Andrew Carnegie became the major supplier of
steel by using vertical integration to control all aspects of its manufacture
The main reason business leaders looked to establish monopolies in their industries was to
eliminate excessive competition, which made markets unstable
Henry George believed that the great inequality between rich and poor during the Industrial Revolution was a result of
rising land values that made owners wealthy at the expense of society
Over the course of the late nineteenth century, immigration to the United States
increasingly came from southern and eastern Europe
Women became a greater part of the industrial labor force in post–Civil War America because
many working-class families needed more than one income to survive
The first major labor union that organized on a national scale was
the Knights of Labor
In late-nineteenth-century America, unions had difficulty prospering because
middle-class values heralded individualism and private property, and unions were seen as a threat to these
The Pullman strike of 1894 broke new ground in labor-management relations because
the federal government became involved by sending troops, and issuing an injunction
The lesson from the novels of Horatio Alger is best summarized by the statement
“Rags to riches.”
Which of the following is an example of the influence of corporate power on politics in the decades following the Civil War?
the use of state and federal troops to protect company property during strikes
