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Biology 1113 > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the link between genotypes and phenotypes?

A

proteins

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2
Q

Gene expression

A

the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis

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3
Q

2 stages of gene expression

A

transcription and translation

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4
Q

one gene-one enzyme hypothesis

A

each gene dictates production of a specific enzyme (from bread mold) [debunked for a better explanation]

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5
Q

one gene-one polypeptide

A

The correction of “one gene-one enzyme” because some proteins aren’t enzymes and many proteins are comprised of several polypeptides.

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6
Q

What bridges genes and proteins?

A

RNA

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7
Q

Transcription

A

the synthesis of RNA using info in DNA (produces mRNA)

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8
Q

Translation

A

the synthesis of a polypeptide using info from mRNA

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9
Q

central dogma

A

concept that cells are governed by a cellular chain of command (DNA -> RNA -> Protein)

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10
Q

When does translation begin in prokaryotes?

A

it can begin before transcription is over

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11
Q

When does translation begin in eukaryotes?

A

after transcription and after the mRNA leaves the nuclear envelope

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12
Q

What separates translation from transcription in eukaryotes?

A

the nuclear envelope

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13
Q

primary transcript

A

the initial RNA transcript from any gene prior to processing

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14
Q

RNA processing

A

the process that modifies the eukaryotic RNA transcripts to yield the finished mRNA

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15
Q

triplet code

A

a series of non-overlapping, three-nucleotide words (encode for DNA)

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16
Q

DNA goes from mRNA to ____

A

amino acids (form polypeptide)

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17
Q

template strand

A

one of the two DNA strands
provides a template for ordering the sequence of complementary nucleotides in an RNA transcript
(always the same strand for a given gene)

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18
Q

codons

A

mRNA base triplets

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19
Q

What direction are codons read in translation?

A

5’ -> 3’

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20
Q

How many amino acids are made by the codons?

A

20

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21
Q

How many triplets code for stop?

A

3 (UAA, UGA, UAG)

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22
Q

What does it mean when we say the code is “redundant”?

A

more than one codon may specify a particular amino acid

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23
Q

reading frame

A

grouping of codons (must be correct to get right polypeptide)

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24
Q

Can genes be transcribed and translated after being transplanted from one species to another?

A

Yes

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25
Q

Why is there a leading strand and a lagging strand?

A

One side is waiting on the helicase to open the strand, the other is already open

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26
Q

RNA polymerase

A

catalyzes the synthesis of RNA

Pries open the DNA strands and joins together RNA nucleotides

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27
Q

Does RNA polymerase need a primer? Why or why not?

A

No; it is going 5’ -> 3’

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28
Q

3 Stages of Transcription

A

initiation
elongation
termination

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29
Q

What is the DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches called?

A

the promoter

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30
Q

In bacteria, what is the sequence signaling the end of transcription called?

A

terminator

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31
Q

transcription unit

A

the stretch of DNA that is transcribed

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32
Q

transcription factors

A

mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription in EUKARYOTES

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33
Q

What do promoters do?

A

1) signal the transcription start point

2) extend several dozen nucleotide pairs upstream from start point

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34
Q

transcription initiation complex

A

the completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to a promoter

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35
Q

TATA box

A

a promoter crucial in forming initiation complex

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36
Q

How much of the strand does RNA polymerase untwist at a time?

A

10-20 bases

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37
Q

How fast is transcription in eukaryotes?

A

40 nulceotides per second

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38
Q

When does transcription stop in prokaryotes?

A

after the terminator sequence

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39
Q

polyadenylation signal sequence

A

the sequence in eukaryotes that signals a stop in 10-15 nucleotides past

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40
Q

RNA process

A

(in euk) enzymes modifying pre-RNA after transcription before sending to cytoplasm

41
Q

How many (0, 1, 2) of the ends are altered during RNA processing?

A

usually both

42
Q

Can parts of the middle of the pre-RNA be cut out?

A

Yes

43
Q

5’ cap

A

ending received by 5’ when it is modified

44
Q

poly-A tail

A

ending given to 3’ end when it is modified

45
Q

Why are the ends of pre-RNA modified in eukaryotes?

A

They seem to facilitate the transport to cytoplasm
Protect from hydrolytic enzymes
Help ribosomes attach to 5’ end

46
Q

introns

A

(intervening sequences) places of noncoding

47
Q

exons

A

sequences that are eventually expressed (usually as amino acid sequences)

48
Q

RNA splicing

A

removes introns and joins exons (creates mRNA with continuous coding sequence)

49
Q

spliceosomes

A

variety of proteins and several small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) that recognize the splice sites

50
Q

ribozymes

A

catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA

51
Q

3 properties of RNA enable it to function as an enzyme

A

It can form a 3D structure because of its ability to base-pair with itself
Some bases in RNA contain functional groups that may participate in catalysis
RNA may H bond with other nucleic acid molecules

52
Q

Some ____ contain sequences that may regulate gene expression

A

introns

53
Q

alternative RNA splicing

A

some genes can encode more than one kind of polypeptide depending on which sections are treated as exons

54
Q

An organism can produce (less/more) proteins than genes.

A

more

55
Q

domains

A

discrete regions in the modular architecture of proteins

56
Q

A possible result of exon shuffling is

A

the evolution of new proteins

57
Q

translation

A

the process through which genetic info flows from mRNA to proteins

58
Q

transfer RNA

A

helps translate an mRNA into a protein

59
Q

ribosome function in translation

A

site of growth for polypeptide

Facilitate specific coupling of tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons in protein synthesis

60
Q

What makes up a tRNA?

A

a single RNA strand about 80 nucleotides long

61
Q

What shape is a tRNA molecule?

What about the whole thing itself?

A

clover leaf

L shaped (H bonds)

62
Q

Are molecules of tRNA identical? Why or why not?

A

No, each one has a specific amino acid on one end

63
Q

anticodon

A

the other end of tRNA; base-pairs with a complementary codon on mRNA

64
Q

2 steps for accurate translation

A

A correct match between a tRNA and an amino acid (enzyme = aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase)

A correct match between the tRNA anticodon and an mRNA codon

65
Q

wobble

A

flexible pairing at the third base of a codon (allows some tRNAs to bond to more than one codon)

66
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

(along with proteins) make up ribosomal subunits

67
Q

3 bonding sites for tRNA on ribosome

A

P site (holds the tRNA that carries growing polypeptide chain)

A site (holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the chain)

E site (is the exit site (discharged tRNA leaves)

68
Q

3 stages of translation

A

initiation
elongation
termination

69
Q

What do all 3 stages of translation require?

A

protein “factors” that aid in the process (also sometimes need energy)

70
Q

What is brought together in initiation?

A

mRNA, a tRNA with the first amino acid, and 2 ribosomal subunits

71
Q

What happens first in initiation?

A

A small ribosomal subunit binds with mRNA and a special initiator tRNA

72
Q

What happens second in initiation?

A

the small subunit moves along the mRNA until it reaches the start codon (AUG)

73
Q

What happens in the third and final step of initiation?

A

Proteins called initiation factors bring in the large subunit that completes the translation initiation complex

74
Q

What happens during elongation?

A

amino acids are added one by one to the C-terminus of the growing chain

75
Q

What are the 3 steps of each addition in elongation?

A

codon recognition (ENERGY)
peptide bond formation
translocation (ENERGY)

76
Q

When does termination occur?

A

When a stop codon in the mRNA reaches the A site of the ribosome

77
Q

release factor

A

A site accepts this protein to start termination

Causes addition of H2O instead of amino acid

78
Q

What determines a proteins shape?

A

the primary structure

79
Q

post-translational modifications

A

(what it sounds like) may be required before a protein can begin its job

80
Q

What type of proteins do free ribosomes mainly produce?

A

Those that function in the cytosol

81
Q

What type of proteins do bound ribosomes mainly produce?

A

endomembrane system and those secreted

82
Q

Can ribosomes switch from bound to free and vis versa?

A

Yes; they are identical

83
Q

Where does polypeptide synthesis begin?

A

always in the cytosol

84
Q

Synthesis finishes in the cytosol unless…

A

the polypeptide signals the ribosome to attach to the ER

85
Q

signal peptide

A

mark polypeptides destined for the ER or secretion

86
Q

signal-recognition particle (SRP)

A

binds to the signal peptide and brings it and its ribosome to the ER

87
Q

polyribosome (polysome)

A

when multiple ribosomes translate a single mRNA

88
Q

Why can bacteria cells produce proteins quicker?

A

transcription and translation are coupled

89
Q

mutations

A

changes in the genetic material of a cell or virus

90
Q

point mutations

A

chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene

91
Q

2 categories for point mutations

A

nucleotide-pair substitutions

one or more nucleotide-pair insertions or deletions

92
Q

Genetic disorder or hereditary disease

A

if a mutation has an adverse effect on the phenotype of the organism

93
Q

nucleotide-pair substitution

A

replaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

94
Q

silent mutations

A

no effect on the amino acid produced by a codon because of redundancy in the genetic code

95
Q

missense mutations

A

still code for an amino acid, but not the right one

96
Q

nonsense mutations

A

change an amino acid codon into a stop codon (usually make a nonfunctional protein)

97
Q

insertions and deletions

A

additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene

more disastrous than substitutions

98
Q

frameshift mutation

A

when the reading frame is altered

Biology 1113 (7 decks)

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