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Biology 1113 > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

virus

A

an infectious particle consisting of genes packaged in a protein coat

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2
Q

Can viruses reproduce or carry out metabolism outside of a host cell?

A

No

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3
Q

What 2 macromolcules make up viruses?

A

nucleic acid and protein (sometimes membrane envelope)

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4
Q

tobacco mosaic virus

A

first studied virus (crystallized)

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5
Q

Types of viral genomes

A

DNA or RNA

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6
Q

What shape is the genome of a virus?

A

linear or circular

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7
Q

What is the fewest number of genes a virus can have?

A

3

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8
Q

capsid

A

protein shell that encloses the viral genome

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9
Q

capsomeres

A

protein subunits that make up capsids

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10
Q

bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect bacteria (most complex capsids)

capsid head and protein tail (injects DNA inside)

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11
Q

viral envelopes

A

surround the capsids of influenza viruses and many other viruses in animals (derived from membranes of host cells)

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12
Q

obligate intracellular parasites

A

can replicate only within a host cell

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13
Q

host range

A

a limited number of host cells that it can infect

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14
Q

What happens when a viral genome enters a cell?

A

The cell begins to manufacture viral proteins

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15
Q

How do viral nucleic acid and capsomeres become new viruses?

A

spontaneous self-assembly

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16
Q

2 reproductive mechanisms of phages

A

the lytic cycle

the lysogenic cycle

17
Q

lytic cycle

A

phage replicative cycle that culminates in the death of the host cell through the lyses of the cell wall

18
Q

virulent phage

A

only uses lytic cycle to reproduce

19
Q

restriction enzymes

A

part of bacteria, attack phage DNA

20
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

replicates phages without destroying host

incorporates viral DNA into cell’s chromosome and then it is copied when the cell divides

21
Q

prophage

A

integrated viral DNA

22
Q

Can a virus switch from lysogenic to lytic? How?

A

Yes; environmental changes

23
Q

temperate phages

A

used lysogenic and lytic cycles

24
Q

2 variables used to classify viruses that infect animals

A

an RNA or DNA genome

a single-stranded or double-stranded genome

(many have additional envelope)

25
Q

What binds to specific receptor molecules on the surface of a host cell?

A

viral glycoproteins on the envelope of the virus

26
Q

What is used to form the viral envelope?

A

The host cell’s plasma membrane
or
the host’s nuclear envelope and then Golgi apparatus

27
Q

retroviruses

A

use reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA genome into DNA

28
Q

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

A

the retrovirus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

29
Q

provirus

A

the viral DNA that is integrated into the host genome

makes proviral DNA into RNA for mRNA and as genomes released from the cell

30
Q

How long is a provirus part of the host?

A

Always

31
Q

How may viruses damage or kill cells?

A

by causing the release of hydrolytic enzymes from lysosomes

cause infected cell to produce toxins

toxic envelope protein

32
Q

Vaccines

A

harmless derivatives of pathogenic microbes that stimulate the immune system to mount defenses against the harmful pathogen

33
Q

emerging viruses

A

those that suddenly become apparent

34
Q

pandemics

A

global epidemics

35
Q

What is true of most plant viruses?

A

RNA genome

helical or icosahedral capsid

36
Q

Mode of plant virus spread

A

horizontal transmission (enter through damaged cell walls)

vertical transmission (inheriting the virus from a parent)

37
Q

viroids

A

small circular RNA molecules that infect plants and disrupt their growth

38
Q

prions

A

slow-acting, virtually indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain diseases in mammals

(convert normal proteins into prion version)

Biology 1113 (7 decks)

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