Chapter 17-5

Question 1

Mirror neuron system:

Answer 1

Neurons light up when one observes an action, as well as when imitating or being imitated

Question 2

Amygdala activation is greater with what types of emotion?

Answer 2

Negative

Question 3

What causes Urbach Wiethe disease?

Answer 3

Calcification of amygdala

Question 4

Signs of Urbach Wiethe disease?

Answer 4

• Loss of facial expression or fear
• Loss of recognition of facial expressions of fear
• Normal expression and recognition of other emotions

Question 5

Pertaining to fear, amygdala is not involved in ____

Answer 5

Generating fearful responses

Question 6

Gaze tracking:

Answer 6

Tracking another person’s gaze in situations that are ambiguous or uncertain

Question 7

Medial prefrontal lobes include portions of:

Answer 7

The orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate cortex

Question 8

Whole brain theories of emotion:

Answer 8

Right hemisphere model & valence model

Question 9

Right hemisphere model of emotion:

Answer 9

Right hemisphere is dominant for emotions, perception, expression, and experience

Question 10

Valence model of emotion:

Answer 10

Right hemisphere dominant for negative emotions, left for positive

Question 11

Brain areas theories:

Answer 11

Lateralization of particular structures and emotions

Question 12

Emotional processing in ASD:

Answer 12

• Impaired recognition of facial emotions
• Difficulty interpreting emotions
• Reduced attention to social stimuli
• Difficulty assessing appropriateness of social interactions

Question 13

Brain imaging studies of ASD:

Answer 13

• Low activation of fusiform face area to faces
• Low activation of amygdala to facial emotions
• Low activation of mirror neurons
• Low coordination of PFC with other areas

Question 14

Cingulate cortex differences in brain activity of psychopaths:

Answer 14

Decreased responsiveness and connectivity

Question 15

Insula differences in brain activity of psychopaths:

Answer 15

Decreased activity

Question 16

Amygdala in psychopathy:

Answer 16

Decreased amygdala response when viewing fearful or threatening faces

Question 17

Psychosomatic disorders: What areas of the brain impact microbiome of gut?

Answer 17

Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

Question 18

Stress makes the body vulnerable to ____ leading to _____;

Answer 18

H. pylori, gastric ulcers

Question 19

What percentage of healthy subjects have H. pylori bacteria?

Answer 19

75%

Question 20

Eustress:

Answer 20

Enhances immune functions
- Controllable stress
- Acute single stress

Question 21

Distress:

Answer 21

Impairs immune function
- Uncontrollable stress
- Some repeated acute stress
- Chronic stress

Question 22

Four lines of defense against pathogens:

Answer 22

1. Surface barriers
2. Innate immune system
3. Adaptive immune system
4. Behaviour immune system (pathogen avoidance)

Question 23

T and B cells have receptors for ___:

Answer 23

Glucocorticoids

Question 24

Lymphocytes have receptors for _____:

Answer 24

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 25

Where are cytokines produced?

Answer 25

Immune and nervous systems

Question 26

Stress is correlated to _____ in human correlational studies:

Answer 26

Infection rate

Question 27

What types of stress enhance infection rates in animal studies?

Answer 27

Chronic and uncontrollable

Question 28

What is the enteric nervous system?

Answer 28

Autonomic nervous system lining the GI system

Question 29

Early maternal stress on offsprings:

Answer 29

Altered microbiota in both mother's vagina and offspring's colons