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PSYC*3410 > Chapter 17-3 > Flashcards

Chapter 17-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Fear definition:

A

Emotional reaction to a threat

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2
Q

Aggressive behaviours are:

A

Designed to threaten or harm

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3
Q

Defensive behaviours are:

A

Designed to protect from threat or harm, motivated by fear

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4
Q

Factors influencing aggression:

A
  1. Neurobiological (hormonal, neurochemical)
  2. Genetic & epigenetic factors
  3. Evolutionary
  4. Developmental (family, socialization)
  5. Cognitive characteristics (individual experience)
  6. Situational (cultural, socioeconomic)
  7. Environmental
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5
Q

Interspecific characteristics of aggression:

A

Offensive (predatory), defensive (antipredatory)

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6
Q

Intraspecific characteristics of aggression:

A

Offensive (competitive, territorial, dominance), defensive (maternal, subordination)

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7
Q

Examples of overt aggression:

A

Bites, attacks, fights

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8
Q

Overt aggression definition:

A

Often impulsive, motivated by anger, rage, or frustration

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9
Q

Indirect aggression in humans:

A
  • Criticizing someone’s appearance
  • Spreading rumours
  • Social exclusion
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10
Q

Konrad Lorenz’s Psychohydraulic Model of Aggression:

A
  1. Motivation for aggression accumulates
  2. Motivational energy is released by an appropriate sign stimulus
  3. Simulus - behaviour
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11
Q

Isolation-induced aggression in cichlid fish:

A

Aggression increases in isolated pairs of cichlid fish

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12
Q

Lorenz’s theory predicts that:

A
  1. Aggression is inevitable, the accumulating energy must find an outlet
  2. Humans and animals will actively ‘look for fights’
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13
Q

Weakness of Lorenz’s model:

A

Fails to acknowledge that the consequences of behaviour on the animal’s external environment can feed back to affect subsequent behaviours

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14
Q

General aggression model:

A

Aggression is influenced by a variety of internal and external factors that can both excite and inhibit future aggression

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15
Q

Neurohormonal systems which are pro-aggression:

A
  • Testosterone
  • Serotonin
  • Vasopressin
  • GABA
  • Catecholamines/stress hormones
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16
Q

Neurohormonal systems that are anti-aggression:

A
  • GABA
  • Dopamine - opioids
  • Oxytocin
  • Progesterone
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17
Q

Amygdala’s role in aggression:

A

Arousal, rapid responses

18
Q

Hypothalamus’s role in aggression:

A

Specific nuclei (+ and-)

19
Q

Periaqueductal grey’s role in aggression:

A

Pain

20
Q

Striatum’s role in aggression:

A

Pain, cognition

21
Q

PFC’s role in aggression:

A

Cognition

22
Q

No aggression/rage in cats if what brain structure has been removed?

A

Hypothalamus

23
Q

Abnormal response of cats during Sham Rage trials (1929):

A
  1. Inappropriately severe
  2. Not directed towards a target
24
Q

Neuroanatomical pathways of aggression - integration between:

A
  • Limbic system
  • PFC
  • Cingulate cortex
  • Orbitofrontal cortex
25
Q

What area of the brain is enlarged in preteen boys, leading to aggression?

A

Amygdala

26
Q

Why is there a higher incidence of aggression among adolescents?

A

Shift in limbic to prefrontal activity

27
Q

VMH stimulation in men leads to:

A

Male-male aggression, or aggression towards females

28
Q

Neurons mediating aggression are ____ during sexual behaviour in mice:

A

Suppressed

29
Q

Effect of intrauterine position on aggression in prenatal rats:

A

2M males and females show greater aggression than 1M or 0M littermates

30
Q

Following castration, what occurs to biting attacks in mice?

A

Amount of biting attacks drops

31
Q

Dominant mammals have ___ brain serotonin:

A

Lower

32
Q

Humans responsible for violent crimes have ____ brain serotonin:

A

Lower

33
Q

Serotonin agonists _____ aggression:

A

Reduce

34
Q

Serotonin antagonists ____ aggresesion:

A

Increase

35
Q

What is a dopamine transporter (DAT):

A

Responsible for dopamine reuptake. Removes dopamine from the synapse

36
Q

What is Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA):

A

Enzyme that degrades norepinephrine, serotonin, or DA after reuptake

37
Q

Two types of MAOA genes:

A

Low and high activity

38
Q

____ MAOA activity increases violent behaviour in males:

A

Low

39
Q

Early exposure to aversive situations can ____ aggression in adulthood:

A

Increase

40
Q

How do the amygdalas of psychopaths respond when viewing threatening or fearful faces:

A

Decreased

41
Q

How do psychopaths process threats?

A

Impaired threat processing

PSYC*3410 (7 decks)

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