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PSY240 > Chapter 17 & 18: Therapies and Prevention > Flashcards

Chapter 17 & 18: Therapies and Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

What are psychoactive drugs?

A
  • drugs that affect the individual’s psychological functioning
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2
Q

What are antipsychotics?

A
  • neuroleptics or major tranquilizers

- first used to treat psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia

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3
Q

What are extrapyramidal effects?

A
  • severe side effects of the major tranquilizers/antipsychotics
  • e.g., tardive dyskinesia
    → disorder resulting in involuntary, repetitive body movements
    → slow/belated onset
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4
Q

What are anxiolytics?

A
  • alleviates symptoms of anxiety and muscle tension by reducing anxiety in sympathetic nervous system
- barbiturates
→ first class widely used for treatment of anxiety
  • benzodiazepines
    → effective in treating panic and anxiety disorders
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5
Q

What are the different classes of antidepressants?

A
  • monoamine inhibitors (MAOIs)
  • tricyclics (TCAs)
  • selective serotonin reiptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
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6
Q

What are the side effects of antidepressants?

A
  • MAOI: dietary restriction
  • TCA: dry mouth, blurred vision
  • SSRI: nausea, headaches
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7
Q

What is the effectiveness of antidepressants?

A
  • 1 to 2 weeks show improvement
    → 3 to 4 weeks for optimal response
  • not effective for all patients
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8
Q

What is lithium used to treat?

A
  • bipolar disorder

- side effects include nausea, dizziness, weight gain

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9
Q

What is the effectiveness of stimulants?

A
  • 70% response rate
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10
Q

What are the side effects of stimulants?

A
  • appetite suppression

- sleep disturbance

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11
Q

What is psychotherapy?

A
  • process in which a professionally trained therapist systematically uses techniques derived from psychological principles to relieve psychological distress or facilitate growth
  • may be practiced by professionals from many disciplines
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12
Q

What are the five basic techniques in psychodynamic approaches?

A
  • free association
  • dream interpretation
  • interpretation
  • analysis of resistance
  • analysis of transference
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13
Q

What is free association in psychodynamic therapy?

A
  • analyst requires individual to say everything that comes to mind without censorship
  • recognize unconscious motives and conflicts
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14
Q

What is interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?

A
  • analyst interprets what the client says or does

- interprets unconscious conflicts that induce defense mechanisms

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15
Q

What is analysis of resistance in psychodynamic therapy?

A
  • analysts determines source of resistance to deal effectively with problem
  • resistance manifests in unwilling to discuss, deflecting with humor, being late
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16
Q

What is transference in psychodynamic therapy?

A
  • occurs when client responds to the therapist as they responded to significant figures from their childhood
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17
Q

What are ego analysts?

A
  • psychoanalytically oriented therapists who use Freudian techniques to explore ego rather than id
  • try to help clients understand how they have relied on defence mechanisms to cope with conflicts
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18
Q

What is interpersonal psychodynamic psychotherapy?

A
  • variation of brief psychodynamic theory

- mental disorders resulted from maladaptive early interactions between child and parent

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19
Q

What is time-limited psychodynamic therapy?

A
  • psychodynamic approach that is brief
  • involves the client in face-to-face contact with the therapist who helps identify patterns of interactions with others that strengthen unhelpful thoughts about self and others
  • stresses the importance of developing a therapeutic alliance, as it is a recognized predictor of therapeutic outcome
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20
Q

What is the focus of humanistic and experiential approaches?

A
  • person’s current experience, emphasizing free will and encouraging the client to take responsibility for personal choice
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21
Q

What is client-centered therapy?

A
  • developed by Carl Rogers
  • emphasizes the unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness of the therapist
  • clients are accepted and valued as unique individuals, not judged or diagnosed
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22
Q

What is the approach of existential therapy?

A
  • value the individual as unique
  • concerned with making the client aware of his or her potential for growth and making choices
  • concerned with human existence and the lack of meaning in a person’s life.
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23
Q

What is gestalt therapy?

A
  • developed by Frederich Perls
  • emphasized the idea that
    distortions exist in an individual’s awareness of his or her genuine feelings and these distortions are responsible for impairments in personal growth
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24
Q

What is emotion-focused therapy?

A
  • client enters into an empathic relationship with a therapist who is directive and responsive to his or her experience
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25
Q

What is the origin of the term “behaviour therapy”?

A
  • first used in the 1950s to describe an operant conditioning treatment for psychotic patients
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26
Q

How does behaviour therapy work?

A
  • core assumptions of the behaviour therapy approach are that problem behaviours are learned behaviours and that faulty learning can be reversed
  • systematic use of reinforcement to encourage and maintain effective behaviour works well in places where the therapist has control over the client (e.g., schools, institutions)
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27
Q

What is response shaping?

A
  • used to shape behaviour in gradual steps toward the goal of learning new skills
  • behavioural activation is used in the treatment of depression
    → help patients engage in more activity and experience positive reinforcement
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28
Q

What is exposure therapy?

A
  • based on principles of extinction, entails gradually exposing the client to a series of anxiety-provoking stimuli
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29
Q

What is systematic desensitization?

A
  • exposure to a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking stimuli while in a state of relaxation
30
Q

What is assertiveness training?

A
  • used to develop assertive interpersonal skills
31
Q

What is the removal of reinforcements method of behaviour therapy?

A
  • removes individual from the reinforcing situation or environment
32
Q

What is the aversion therapy method of behaviour therapy?

A
  • makes situation/stimulus that was once reinforcing no longer reinforcing
33
Q

What is the relaxation exercise method of behaviour therapy?

A
  • helps individual voluntarily control physiological manifestations of anxiety
34
Q

What is the distraction technique method of behaviour therapy?

A
  • helps individual temporarily distract from anxiety-producing situations
  • diverts attention from physiological manifestations of anxiety
35
Q

What is the flooding, or implosive therapy method of behaviour therapy?

A
  • exposes individual to dreaded or feared stimulus while preventing avoidant behaviour
36
Q

Compare psychotherapeutic approaches.

A

Psychodynamic:
- problem caused by unresolved unconscious conflicts
- emphasizes discovery of underlying conflicts, developing insight
→ psychoanalysis (free association, dream analysis, etc.)

Humanistic:
- problems caused by not functioning at optimal level of development
- emphasizes developing awareness of inherent potential for growth
→ person-centered, gestalt therapy

Behaviour:
- problems caused by maladaptive behaviour patterns
- emphasizes ;learning adaptive behaviour patterns through changes in environment or cognitive processes
→ observation of behaviour; specific advice therapies, self-efficacy and self-instruction

Cognitive:
- problems caused by inappropriate thoughts
- emphasizes changing feelings and behaviours by changing cognitions
→ change irrational and self-defeating beliefs

37
Q

What are the three commonalities in methods of healing?

A

1 - hope
2 - alternative explanation for problem
3 - client is expected to think, feel, or act in a different way

38
Q

What are the treatment modalitis of couple’s therapy?

A
  • best-known approach is based on behavioural and social learning principles
    → involves enhancing communication and conflict resolution skills
    → helping partners develop realistic expectations about the relationship
  • emotionally-focused couple’s
    therapy
    → seeks to modify distressed couples’ emotional responses by fostering a secure emotional bond
39
Q

How does family therapy work?

A
  • family considered important part of solution to problems
  • common goal is to identify interactions between family members that may contribute
    to problems
    → involve reframing the problem, and family members are required to carry out various tasks
    → enhance communication and negotiation within the family
40
Q

What are the benefits of group therapy?

A
  • include the opportunity to derive feedback from the other people in the group
  • awareness that others share similar experiences or feelings (universality)
    → can reduce feelings of stigma
41
Q

What is treatment efficacy?

A
  • evidence of treatment effects when delivered in the context of a controlled study
42
Q

What is treatment effectiveness?

A
  • evidence of effects of treatment in a “real-world”

context

43
Q

What is effect size in meta-analysis?

A
  • the difference between the means of the experimental group and control group
44
Q

How are results of prior research combined?

A
  • calculate effect size divided by standard deviation of either control group or pooled sample of both groups
45
Q

Why do statistical analysis on previous research?

A
  • used to determine the pattern of findings

- power of detecting an effect is enhanced due to the increased sample size offered by numerous studies

46
Q

Which psychotherapeutic treatments are effective for anxiety disorders?

A
  • exposure for phobias
  • CBT for panic disorders, OCD, generalized anxiety
  • family-based cognitive-behavioural interventions with children with anxiety disorders
47
Q

Which psychotherapeutic treatments are effective for depression

A
  • cognitive-behavioural therapies

- interpersonal techniques

48
Q

What did the empirically supported therapy relationships (ESR) task force find to influence treatment outcome?

A
  • therapeutic alliance
  • cohesion in group therapy
  • therapist empathy
  • patient-therapist goal consensus and collaboration
49
Q

What is primary prevention?

A
  • involves intervention that reduces the incidence of disorder
50
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A
  • early intervention

- comprises treatment that reduces the duration of the disorder

51
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A
  • treatment/rehabilitation

- covers rehabilitative activity that reduces the disability arising from the disorder

52
Q

What is community psychology?

A
  • field of psychology that has highlighted the need for prevention of mental disorders and the promotion of mental health
    → as opposed to exclusive reliance on treatment approaches
  • applies an ecological perspective that stresses the interdependence of the individual, family, community, society
  • embodies sensitivity to a person’s social context and appreciation of diversity
53
Q

What is the focus of community psychology?

A
  • pays more attention to people’s strengths and the promotion of wellness
    → instead of deficits and reduction of maladaptive behaviours
  • stresses importance of informal and social supports
    → instead of relying on professional help
  • oriented to social justice and social change
54
Q

What is the universal approach to prevention?

A
  • designed to include all individuals in a particular geographical area or particular setting
55
Q

What is the selective approach to prevention?

A
  • high-risk approach
  • based on the assumption that there are known risk factors for certain mental health problems
  • prevention has the greatest effect in targeting individuals most exposed to these risk factors
56
Q

What is indicated prevention?

A
  • similar to early intervention in that it involves programs designed to select individuals who show mild or early-developing mental health problems
57
Q

What is mental health promotion?

A
  • views mental health, or wellness, as the presence of optimal social, emotional, and cognitive functioning
  • seeks to promote mental health before the problem occurs, focuses on populations and multiple dimensions, and it is an ongoing intervention
  • de-emphasizes disorder
  • emphasizes protective factors toward the enhancement of mental health and wellness
58
Q

What are the key pathways toward mental health promotion?

A
  • attachment
  • competencies
  • social environments
  • empowerment
  • resources to cope with stress
59
Q

What is the public health approach?

A
  • approach to community psychology
  • reduce environmental stressors while enhancing people’s capacities to withstand these stressors
  • characterized by the following steps:
    → identifying disease and developing a reliable diagnostic method (descriptive epidemiology)
    → developing a theory of the disease’s course of development on the basis of laboratory and epidemiological research (analytic epidemiology)
    → developing and evaluating disease prevention program (experimental epidemiology)
60
Q

What are the three components public health researchers focus on?

A

1 - characteristics of the person with the illness

2 - characteristics of the environment (i.e., stressors)

3 - the agent (i.e., manner in which disease is transmitted to host)

61
Q

What is crisis theory?

A
  • argues people in a state of crisis are very anxious, open to change, and oriented toward seeking help
62
Q

What is the resilience approach?

A
  • focuses on the many risk and protective factors involved in the development of mental disorder
63
Q

What is resilience?

A
  • process of positive adaptation to significant adversity through the interaction of risk and protective factors
64
Q

What are protective factors?

A
  • events/circumstances that help to offset risk factors

→ stable care from parents or other caregivers
→ problem-solving abilities
→ attractiveness to peers and adults
→ being and feeling competent
→ identification with competent role models
→ aspirations and plans for the future

65
Q

What are risk factors?

A
  • events or circumstances that increase likelihood of later pathology
→ negative family circumstance
→ emotional difficulties
→ school problems
→ negative ecological context
→ constitutional handicaps
→ interpersonal problems
→ skill development delays.
  • more risk factors present, greater the vulnerability of the individual
66
Q

What is cumulative risk?

A
  • summation of a person’s risk for a disorder or disease up to a certain age
67
Q

Which four mechanisms help people cope with adversity and develop mental health?

A

1 - reducing risk impact

2 - interrupting unhealthy chain reactions stemming from stressful life events

3 - enhancing self-esteem and self-efficacy

4 - creating opportunities for personal growth

68
Q

What is the implication of resilience, risk, and protection for prevention?

A
  • prevention can be approached by reducing risk factors and by increasing protective factors
  • Elias’ (1987) equation views interventions to reduce the risk of mental health problems by emphasizing the need to change the social environment rather than the individual
  • healthy environments should promote healthy development and prevent mental health problems
69
Q

What is the affirmation field?

A
  • consists of two intersecting continua: the capability and participation dimensions
  • capability: exclusive focus on risk reduction and the prevention of deficits to an exclusive focus on the enhancement of protective factors and the promotion of strengths
  • participation: expert-driven to community driven participation in which professionals and community members collaborate to create the best prevention program model that fits the needs of particular communities
70
Q

What is the difference between selective high risk programs and indicated high risk programs?

A
  • selective high risk programs select participants on the basis of characteristics external to the individual
    → e.g., children whose parents have divorced, teenage mothers
  • high risk programs select participants on the basis of internal characteristics
    → e.g., low-birth-weight babies, rejected children, etc.
71
Q

What is mental health policy like in Canada?

A

Federal

  • leader in promoting the concept of prevention
  • funding needed

Provincial

  • survey of the provinces showed a good deal of support for prevention
  • health funding had not been reallocated from treatment to prevention and remains low

PSY240 (16 decks)

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