Chapter 13: Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sexual response cycle?

A
  • sequence of changes that occur in the body with increased sexual arousal, orgasm, and the return to an unaroused state
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2
Q

What is the Kaplan model of sexual response?

A
  • desire,
    excitement, and orgasm
  • important contribution of Kaplan’s work was the distinction of desire as primarily a psychological component to the sexual response
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3
Q

What are 3 potential phases of dysfunction?

A
  • desire
  • arousal
  • orgasm

→ subtypes: lifelong, acquired, generalized, situational

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4
Q

What is male hypoactive sexual desire disorder?

A
  • persistently or recurrently deficient (or absent) sexual/erotic thoughts or fantasies and desire for sexual activity
  • symptoms must be distressing and present for a minimum of 6 months
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5
Q

What is female sexual interest/arousal disorder?

A
  • amalgamate interest and arousal into one disorder

→ based on findings from several studies indicating that the processes of desire and arousal overlap for
many women

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6
Q

What is male erectile disorder?

A
  • persistent or recurrent inability to reach or sustain an erection “until completion of the sexual activity”
  • resultant distress
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7
Q

What is female orgasmic disorder?

A
  • “anorgasmia”
  • persistent or recurrent
    delay in, or absence of, orgasm, following normal excitement, causing marked distress or interpersonal difficulty
  • pretty much the same with male orgasmic disorder
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8
Q

What is genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder?

A
  • used to be “dyspareunia” and “vaginismus”

- amalgamated due to difficulty to reliably differentiate between the two measures of pain and pelvic muscle tension

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9
Q

What is the DSM-V diagnosis for genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder?

A
  • persistent or recurrent difficulties with one or more of the following:
    → vaginal penetration during intercourse;
    → marked vulvovaginal or pelvic pain during vaginal intercourse or penetration attempts;
    → marked fear or anxiety about vulvovaginal or pelvic pain in anticipation of, during, or as a result of vaginal penetration;
    → and marked tensing or tightening of the pelvic floor muscles during attempted vaginal penetration
  • present for at least 6 months and cause distress
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10
Q

What is sexual performance anxiety?

A
  • response of individuals who worry that their performance will not live up to the expectations of their partners when expected to perform sexually
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11
Q

What are common psychological interventions in sexual dysfunctions?

A
  • communication and exploration
  • sensate focus (a form of desensitization)
  • physical treatments (which include medication, surgical interventions, and physical implants)
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12
Q

What are the 3 aspects of the development of gender identity?

A
  • sexual orientation
  • gender role
  • gender identity
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13
Q

What is gender dysphoria?

A
  • individual feels like the opposite gender trapped in their present gender
  • most common in children and males
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14
Q

What are theories about the etiology of gender dysphoria?

A
  • genetically influenced hormonal disturbances or exposure during fetal development to inappropriate hormones
  • differences in cell clusters in hypothalamus
  • psychodynamic/behavioural theories of human behaviour emphasize the importance of early childhood experiences and the family environment
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15
Q

What are paraphilias?

A
Sexual activities that involve: 
1 - non-human
objects
2 - non-consenting adults
3 - suffering or causing humiliation
4 - children
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16
Q

What are fetishistic disorders?

A
  • sexual behaviours in which the presence of nonliving objects is usually required or strongly preferred for sexual excitement
    → underwear, shoes, leather, rubber, furs, etc.
17
Q

What is partialism?

A
  • sexual fixation on/excessive attraction to specific parts of the body
18
Q

What is sadism?

A
  • paraphilia deriving sexual pleasure from inflicting pain or humiliating others

→ sexual variant with consenting partners
→ sexual offense with non-consenting partners

19
Q

What is autoerotic asphyxia?

A
  • “asphyxiophilia”, “hypoxyphilia”
  • deliberate induction of unconsciousness by oxygen deprivation
    → produced by chest compression, strangulation, enclosing the head in a plastic bag, or various other techniques
20
Q

What is sexual masochism?

A
  • sexual gratification obtained through experiencing pain and humiliation at the hands of one’s partner
21
Q

What is voyeurism?

A
  • obtainment of sexual arousal by compulsively and secretly watching another person undressing, bathing, engaging in sex, or being naked
22
Q

What is exhibitionism?

A
  • obtainment of sexual gratification by exposing one’s genitals to involuntary observers
23
Q

What is frotteurism?

A
  • obtainment of sexual gratification by rubbing one’s genitals against or fondling the body parts of a non-consenting person
24
Q

What is pedophilia?

A
  • adult obtainment of sexual gratification by engaging in sexual activities with children
25
What is the behavioural theory of paraphilia?
- arousal is clasically conditioned to a previous neural stimulus
26
What is the social learning theory of paraphilia?
- children whose parents engaged in aggressive, sexual behaviours with them learned to engage in impulsive, aggressive, sexualized acts toward others
27
What is the cognitive theory of paraphilia?
- distorted cognitions and assumptions about sexuality underlie deviant sexual behaviour
28
What is the phallometric assessment and monitoring technique?
- basically measuring arousal of member while showing pictures that are arousing or not arousing
29
What medications are used to treat paraphilias?
- antiandrogen drugs (e.g. depo-Provera) | - SSRIs
30
What cognitive interventions are used to treat paraphilias?
- aversion therapy - desensitization → reduce anxiety about engaging in normal sexual activities with adults - empathy training
31
What is klismaphilia?
- obtainment of sexual arousal through enemas
32
What are the class of nonconsenting disorders?
- exhibitionistic disorder - voyeuristic disorder - frotteuristic disorder - pedophilic disorder
33
What is the recidivism rate of nonconsenting disorders?
- very high recidivism, | → highest being exhibitionists
34
What are the 3 subtypes of sexual assault as defined by Canadian law?
- sexual assault → assault of a sexual nature that violates the sexual integrity of the victim → does not depend solely on contact with any specific part of the human anatomy but rather the act of a sexual nature that violates the sexual integrity of the victim - sexual assault with a weapon/threats → carries, uses or threatens to use a weapon or an imitation of a weapon → threatens to cause bodily harm to a person other than the complainant - aggravated sexual assault → wounds, maims, disfigures or endangers the life of the complainant
35
What are the 3 distinct sexual arousal patterns seen in rapists?
- blastophilia → preference toward non-consenting and resisting but not necessarily physically suffering victims - sadism → preference toward the suffering or humiliation of others - antisociality → marked sexual indifference to the interests and desires of others - NOTE: unless rapists meet criteria for sadism or personality disorder they will not be given DSM-V diagnosis
36
What is courtship disorder theory?
- theory of sexual offending advanced by Kurt Freund - holds that sexual offending is a product of a person's sexual behaviour becoming fixed at one of four phases of human sexual interaction 1 → looking for and appraising a sexual partner (voyeurism) 2 → posturing and displaying onself to potential partner (exhibitionism) 3 → tactile interaction with partner (frotteurism) 4 → sexual intercourse (rape)
37
What is the feminist theory of sexual offending?
- primarily focuses on male-on-female sexual assault - male privilege causes expectation that all women must find him desirable and when that doesn't occur they lash out in a violent way
38
What are comprehensive theories of sexual offending?
``` - acknowledge → childhood experiences → deficiencies in social skills → sociocultural factors → and transitory states of offenders ```
39
What is the treatment for sexual offenders?
- medical interventions aim to reduce sexual drive, increase control - use of SSRIs seem to give sense of control over urges - behaviour therapy aimed at elimination through aversion therapy - comprehensive programs to help overcome tendency to deny/minimize their offending