Chapter 13: Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
What is the sexual response cycle?
A
- sequence of changes that occur in the body with increased sexual arousal, orgasm, and the return to an unaroused state
2
Q
What is the Kaplan model of sexual response?
A
- desire,
excitement, and orgasm - important contribution of Kaplan’s work was the distinction of desire as primarily a psychological component to the sexual response
3
Q
What are 3 potential phases of dysfunction?
A
- desire
- arousal
- orgasm
→ subtypes: lifelong, acquired, generalized, situational
4
Q
What is male hypoactive sexual desire disorder?
A
- persistently or recurrently deficient (or absent) sexual/erotic thoughts or fantasies and desire for sexual activity
- symptoms must be distressing and present for a minimum of 6 months
5
Q
What is female sexual interest/arousal disorder?
A
- amalgamate interest and arousal into one disorder
→ based on findings from several studies indicating that the processes of desire and arousal overlap for
many women
6
Q
What is male erectile disorder?
A
- persistent or recurrent inability to reach or sustain an erection “until completion of the sexual activity”
- resultant distress
7
Q
What is female orgasmic disorder?
A
- “anorgasmia”
- persistent or recurrent
delay in, or absence of, orgasm, following normal excitement, causing marked distress or interpersonal difficulty - pretty much the same with male orgasmic disorder
8
Q
What is genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder?
A
- used to be “dyspareunia” and “vaginismus”
- amalgamated due to difficulty to reliably differentiate between the two measures of pain and pelvic muscle tension
9
Q
What is the DSM-V diagnosis for genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder?
A
- persistent or recurrent difficulties with one or more of the following:
→ vaginal penetration during intercourse;
→ marked vulvovaginal or pelvic pain during vaginal intercourse or penetration attempts;
→ marked fear or anxiety about vulvovaginal or pelvic pain in anticipation of, during, or as a result of vaginal penetration;
→ and marked tensing or tightening of the pelvic floor muscles during attempted vaginal penetration - present for at least 6 months and cause distress
10
Q
What is sexual performance anxiety?
A
- response of individuals who worry that their performance will not live up to the expectations of their partners when expected to perform sexually
11
Q
What are common psychological interventions in sexual dysfunctions?
A
- communication and exploration
- sensate focus (a form of desensitization)
- physical treatments (which include medication, surgical interventions, and physical implants)
12
Q
What are the 3 aspects of the development of gender identity?
A
- sexual orientation
- gender role
- gender identity
13
Q
What is gender dysphoria?
A
- individual feels like the opposite gender trapped in their present gender
- most common in children and males
14
Q
What are theories about the etiology of gender dysphoria?
A
- genetically influenced hormonal disturbances or exposure during fetal development to inappropriate hormones
- differences in cell clusters in hypothalamus
- psychodynamic/behavioural theories of human behaviour emphasize the importance of early childhood experiences and the family environment
15
Q
What are paraphilias?
A
Sexual activities that involve: 1 - non-human objects 2 - non-consenting adults 3 - suffering or causing humiliation 4 - children
16
Q
What are fetishistic disorders?
A
- sexual behaviours in which the presence of nonliving objects is usually required or strongly preferred for sexual excitement
→ underwear, shoes, leather, rubber, furs, etc.
17
Q
What is partialism?
A
- sexual fixation on/excessive attraction to specific parts of the body
18
Q
What is sadism?
A
- paraphilia deriving sexual pleasure from inflicting pain or humiliating others
→ sexual variant with consenting partners
→ sexual offense with non-consenting partners
19
Q
What is autoerotic asphyxia?
A
- “asphyxiophilia”, “hypoxyphilia”
- deliberate induction of unconsciousness by oxygen deprivation
→ produced by chest compression, strangulation, enclosing the head in a plastic bag, or various other techniques
20
Q
What is sexual masochism?
A
- sexual gratification obtained through experiencing pain and humiliation at the hands of one’s partner
21
Q
What is voyeurism?
A
- obtainment of sexual arousal by compulsively and secretly watching another person undressing, bathing, engaging in sex, or being naked
22
Q
What is exhibitionism?
A
- obtainment of sexual gratification by exposing one’s genitals to involuntary observers
23
Q
What is frotteurism?
A
- obtainment of sexual gratification by rubbing one’s genitals against or fondling the body parts of a non-consenting person
24
Q
What is pedophilia?
A
- adult obtainment of sexual gratification by engaging in sexual activities with children
25
What is the behavioural theory of paraphilia?
- arousal is clasically conditioned to a previous neural stimulus
26
What is the social learning theory of paraphilia?
- children whose parents engaged in aggressive, sexual behaviours with them learned to engage in impulsive, aggressive, sexualized acts toward others
27
What is the cognitive theory of paraphilia?
- distorted cognitions and assumptions about sexuality underlie deviant sexual behaviour
28
What is the phallometric assessment and monitoring technique?
- basically measuring arousal of member while showing pictures that are arousing or not arousing
29
What medications are used to treat paraphilias?
- antiandrogen drugs (e.g. depo-Provera)
| - SSRIs
30
What cognitive interventions are used to treat paraphilias?
- aversion therapy
- desensitization
→ reduce anxiety about engaging in normal sexual activities with adults
- empathy training
31
What is klismaphilia?
- obtainment of sexual arousal through enemas
32
What are the class of nonconsenting disorders?
- exhibitionistic disorder
- voyeuristic disorder
- frotteuristic disorder
- pedophilic disorder
33
What is the recidivism rate of nonconsenting disorders?
- very high recidivism,
| → highest being exhibitionists
34
What are the 3 subtypes of sexual assault as defined by Canadian law?
- sexual assault
→ assault of a sexual nature that violates the sexual integrity of the victim
→ does not depend solely on contact with any specific part of the human anatomy but rather the act of a sexual nature that violates the sexual integrity of the victim
- sexual assault with a weapon/threats
→ carries, uses or threatens to use a weapon or an imitation of a weapon
→ threatens to cause bodily harm to a person other than the complainant
- aggravated sexual assault
→ wounds, maims, disfigures or endangers the life of the complainant
35
What are the 3 distinct sexual arousal patterns seen in rapists?
- blastophilia
→ preference toward non-consenting and resisting but not necessarily physically suffering victims
- sadism
→ preference toward the suffering or humiliation of others
- antisociality
→ marked sexual indifference to the interests and desires of others
- NOTE: unless rapists meet criteria for sadism or personality disorder they will not be given DSM-V diagnosis
36
What is courtship disorder theory?
- theory of sexual offending advanced by Kurt Freund
- holds that sexual offending is a product of a person's sexual behaviour becoming fixed at one of four phases of human sexual interaction
1 → looking for and appraising a sexual partner (voyeurism)
2 → posturing and displaying onself to potential partner
(exhibitionism)
3 → tactile interaction with partner (frotteurism)
4 → sexual intercourse (rape)
37
What is the feminist theory of sexual offending?
- primarily focuses on male-on-female sexual assault
- male privilege causes expectation that all women must find him desirable and when that doesn't occur they lash out in a violent way
38
What are comprehensive theories of sexual offending?
```
- acknowledge
→ childhood experiences
→ deficiencies in social skills
→ sociocultural factors
→ and transitory states of offenders
```
39
What is the treatment for sexual offenders?
- medical interventions aim to reduce sexual drive, increase control
- use of SSRIs seem to give sense of control over urges
- behaviour therapy aimed at elimination through aversion therapy
- comprehensive programs to help overcome tendency to deny/minimize their offending
