Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

what is lifespan or longevity?

A

Is the length of time a person can live under the best
circumstances.

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2
Q

life expectancy

A

number of years a person in a given population can expect to live

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3
Q

Ageism

A

Prejudice against people because of their age; stereotypes that paint
older people in a certain way affects how one responds to them

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4
Q

Cataracts

A

clouding of the lenses, usually requiring surgery to correct

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5
Q

Glaucoma

A

buildup of fluid pressure inside the eyeball, which can lead to tunnel vision and
no peripheral vision or blindness

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6
Q

Presbycusis

A

Age-related hearing loss that affects about one person in three
over the age of 65

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7
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Disorder where bones lose so much calcium that they become
prone to breakage; most serious are hip fractures

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8
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Person stops breathing repeatedly during the night, causing
awakenings; linked to increased risk of heart attacks and strokes

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9
Q

programmed theories

A

aging as the result of genetic instructions

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10
Q

Cellular damage theories

A

propose that aging results from damages to cells

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11
Q

what are aging and longevity based on

A

a biological clock governed by genes

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12
Q

Cellular Clock Theory

A

focuses on built-in limits of cell division; after dividing about
50 times, human cells cease dividing and eventually die

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13
Q

telomeres

A

(the protective segments of DNA
at the tips of chromosomes); telomeres shrink each time a cell divides

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14
Q

what happens when loss of telomeres reach a critical point

A

then they are no longer able to function; because the length of telomeres for a species determines the number of times a cell can divide and survive

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15
Q

Hormonal Stress theory

A

Hormonal stress theory focuses on the endocrine system, which releases
hormones into the bloodstream.

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16
Q

what kind of changes do hormonal changes foster

A

puberty an menopause; diabetes, osteoporosis and heart disease

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17
Q

Immunological Theory

A

the immune system is preset to decline by an internal biological clock. antibodies decline with age

18
Q

Wear and Tear Theory

A

Over the years, our bodies — as machines that wear out through use —
become less capable of repairing themselves.

19
Q

Free-Radical Theory

A

attributes aging to damage caused by the accumulation
of unstable molecules called free radicals, produced during metabolism by
oxidation, possibly damaging cell proteins, membranes, and DNA

20
Q

Cross Linking Theory

A

-cell proteins bind to one another in a process called cross-linking,
thereby toughening tissues.
-Cross-linking stiffens collagen — the connective tissue supporting tendons,
ligaments, cartilage, and bone; this results in coarse, dry skin.

21
Q

Normal Aging

A

Physiological processes decline slowly with age, enabling the
person to enjoy life into late adulthood

22
Q

Pathological aging

A

Chronic diseases or degenerative processes, such as
heart disease, diabetes, and cancer, lead to disability and death

23
Q

three major causes of death

A

cancer, heart disease, and respiratory disease

24
Q

elder bais

A

discrimination against older people by some health professionals

25
what are a major risk factor for heart attacks and strokes
hypertension
26
Arthritis
is joint inflammation that results from conditions affecting the structures inside and surrounding the joints
27
Osteoarthritis
is a painful, degenerative disease involving wear and tear on joints.
28
osteoarthritis is common with who
obese people
29
Rheumatoid Arthritis
is characterized by chronic inflammation of the membranes that line the joints because the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues
30
Dementia
Condition characterized by dramatic deterioration of mental abilities involving thinking, memory, judgment, and reasoning;
31
Alzheimer's disease
-is the most common cause of dementia -is progressive and irreversible -
32
vascular dementia
is when the blood flow to a particular part of the brain is compromised or blocked
33
lewy body
is caused by abnormal protein deposits in different parts of the brain
34
Frontotemporal dementia
is caused by protein tangles, which cause cells to die in the frontal and temp
35
Parkinson's dementia
occurs in only 2–5 percent of people with dementia, occurring within a year or so of being diagnosed with Parkinson’s.
36
does crystallized intelligence continue to improve throughout late adulthood
yes
37
do cognitive skills decline or incline in advanced age?
decline
38
Retrospective and prospective memories
Memories of the past (“retro”) and memories of the things we plan to do in the future
39
Explicit memories
specific information, such as things we did or things that happened to us and general knowledge
40
Implicit memories
More automatic; recall the performance of tasks such as reciting the alphabet or multiplication tables, riding a bicycle, and using a doorknob
41
prospective memory
remember things we have planned to do in the future, despite the passage of time, and despite the occurrence of interfering events
42
who suggests that wise people tend to possess an unselfish love for others and be less afraid of death
Ardelt