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BIO235 A & P by Tortora and Derrickson 15th ED > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Olfactory receptors are found

a) throughout the nasal cavity.
b) only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.
c) only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.
d) from the vestibule to the pharynx.
e) only in the mid-nasal ridges.

A

b) only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

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2
Q

The smell receptors that actually bind the odorants and begin signal transduction are located on

a) olfactory hairs.
b) glial cells.
c) basal stem cells.
d) Bowman’s glands.
e) gustatory receptor cells.

A

a) olfactory hairs.

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3
Q

Adaptation of the olfactory sense to the continued presentation of an odorant

a) occurs rapidly.
b) increases sensitivity to that odorant.
c) occurs slowly.
d) does not occur.
e) enhances gustation.

A

a) occurs rapidly.

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4
Q

The olfactory tract

a) projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.
b) conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.
c) contains only motor neurons.
d) receives information from the taste buds.
e) consists of the olfactory and vestibulocochlear nerves.

A

a) projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

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5
Q

These receptor cells provide for the sense of taste.

a) Olfactory hair cells
b) Pacinian corpuscles
c) Basal stem cells
d) Hair cells
e) Gustatory cells

A

e) Gustatory cells

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6
Q

Taste buds are found on

a) the epiglottis.
b) the pharynx.
c) the soft palate.
d) both epiglottis and pharynx.
e) All of these choices

A

e) All of these choices

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7
Q

Which of the following types of papillae do NOT contain taste buds?

a) Vallate
b) Fungiform
c) Foliate
d) Filiform
e) Circumvallate

A

d) Filiform

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8
Q

Which of the following nerves conducts impulses associated with the sense of gustation?

a) Vestibulocochlear
b) Oculomotor
c) Vagus
d) Trigeminal
e) Spinal accessory

A

c) Vagus

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9
Q

Which is NOT considered an accessory structure of the eye?

a) Eyelids
b) Eyelashes
c) Lacrimal apparatus
d) Eyebrows
e) Retina

A

e) Retina

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10
Q

Which of the following is the space between the upper and lower eyelids?

a) Palpebral fissure
b) Levator palpebrae
c) Lacrimal caruncle
d) Lateral commissure
e) Conjunctiva

A

a) Palpebral fissure

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11
Q

This is a thin mucous membrane that protects the inner aspect of the eyelids and the portion of the sclera covering the anterior surface of the eyeball.

a) Palpebral fissure
b) Conjunctiva
c) Lateral commissure
d) Cornea
e) Choroid

A

b) Conjunctiva

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12
Q

Infection of a sebaceous ciliary gland can result in

a) blood shot eyes.
b) inhibition of tear production.
c) a sty.
d) glaucoma.
e) blindness.

A

c) a sty.

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13
Q

List the cells, structures, and fluids that light must pass through to reach the photoreceptor cells.

A

Cornea, Aqueous humor, Pupil, Lens, Vitreous humor, Ganglion cells, Bipolar cells, Photoreceptor cells.

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14
Q

Which is the correct order in the flow of tears?

a) Lacrimal gland, lacrimal sac, lacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity
b) Lacrimal gland, lacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, nasolacrimal duct, lacrimal sac, nasal cavity
c) Lacrimal gland, lacrimal duct, nasolacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasal cavity
d) Lacrimal gland, lacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity
e) Lacrimal gland, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, lacrimal duct, nasal cavity

A

d) Lacrimal gland, lacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity

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15
Q

How many extrinsic eye muscles are responsible for moving each eye?

a) 10
b) 12
c) 6
d) 4
e) 20

A

c) 6

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16
Q

Which of the following is the transparent layer on the anterior of the eyeball through which the iris can be observed?

a) Retina
b) Choroid
c) Sclera
d) Ciliary body
e) Cornea

A

e) Cornea

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17
Q

Which structure regulates the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil?

a) Retina
b) Cornea
c) Iris
d) Choroid
e) Ciliary muscle

A

c) Iris

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18
Q

The lens is made of layers of proteins called

a) choroids.
b) ciliary bodies.
c) crystallins.
d) cones.
e) rods.

A

c) crystallins.

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19
Q

What lies between the lens and the retina?

a) Vitreous chamber
b) Anterior chamber
c) Anterior cavity
d) Cornea
e) Aqueous humor

A

a) Vitreous chamber

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20
Q

Which layer of dense connective tissue serves to protect the inner parts of the eyeball?

a) Sclera
b) Pupil
c) Iris
d) Cornea
e) Retina

A

a) Sclera

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21
Q

Which darkly pigmented structure reduces light reflection within the eyeballs?

a) Sclera
b) Conjunctiva
c) Iris
d) Choroid
e) Retina

A

d) Choroid

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22
Q

Which of the types of receptors listed below is primarily used for detecting light rays under bright light conditions?

a) olfactory hair cells
b) rods
c) cones
d) ganglion neurons
e) amacrine cells

A

c) cones

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23
Q

The first step in the visual transduction process that occurs in the retina is

a) activation of amacrine cells.
b) absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.
c) interruption of the dark current.
d) absorption of light by photopigments.
e) generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

A

d) absorption of light by photopigments.

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24
Q

Binocular vision

a) gives better depth perception.
b) provides more accurate color vision.
c) is only seen in humans.
d) occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.
e) is all of these choices

A

a) gives better depth perception.

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25
Q

What structure vibrates back and forth when sound waves strike it?

a) cochlea
b) pinna
c) tympanic membrane
d) organ of Corti
e) vestibulocochlear nerve

A

c) tympanic membrane

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26
Q

Which of the structures listed below converts vibrations in the endolymph into action potentials?

a) macula
b) pinna
c) tympanic membrane
d) organ of Corti
e) cupula

A

d) organ of Corti

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27
Q

Which of the following structures carries action potentials generated by sound transduction?

a) vagus nerve
b) basilar membrane
c) tympanic membrane
d) organ of Corti
e) vestibulocochlear nerve

A

e) vestibulocochlear nerve

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28
Q

Which of the following structures senses change in rotational acceleration of the head in order to help maintain dynamic equilibrium?

a) cochlea
b) semicircular canals
c) maculae of the vestibule
d) organ of Corti
e) vestibulocochlear nerve

A

b) semicircular canals

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29
Q

Which of the labeled papilla houses 100–300 taste buds each?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) Both A and D

A

a) A

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30
Q

Identify the thin protective mucous membrane composed of stratified squamous epithelium with numerous goblet cells.

a) A and B
b) B and D
c) C and A
d) D and C
e) B and E

A

a) A and B

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31
Q

Identify the structure that secretes a fluid that keeps the eyelids from sticking to each other.

a) D
b) E
c) F
d) G
e) None of these choices

A

b) E

32
Q

Identify the optic nerve.

a) C
b) D
c) E
d) F
e) A

A

e) A

33
Q

Identify the choroid.

a) F
b) E
c) D
d) G
e) H

A

b) E

34
Q

Identify the sclera.

a) F
b) E
c) D
d) G
e) H

A

c) D

35
Q

Identify the structure that contains aqueous humor.

a) A
b) G
c) H
d) F
e) D

A

b) G

36
Q

Identify the ciliary body.

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) H
e) F

A

d) H

37
Q

Which labeled structure is the blind spot of the eye?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) G
e) H

A

b) B

38
Q

Identify the bipolar cell layer.

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D

A

b) B

39
Q

Identify the ganglion cell layer.

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D

A

d) D

40
Q

Which figure illustrates farsightedness before it has been corrected?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

d) D

41
Q

Which figure illustrates nearsightedness before it has been corrected?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

b) B

42
Q

Which labeled step(s) represents regeneration of active photopigment?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) Both 1 and 3

A

d) 4

43
Q

Which labeled step(s) represents bleaching of the photopigment?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) Both 2 and 4

A

b) 2

44
Q

Identify the internal auditory canal.

a) C
b) D
c) E
d) F
e) H

A

b) D

45
Q

Identify the structure that is a thin semi-transparent partition between the external auditory canal and the middle ear?

a) K
b) G
c) J
d) F
e) E

A

a) K

46
Q

Identify the auditory ossicles.

a) A, B, C
b) A, C, G
c) A, B, J
d) J, C, G
e) C, D, G

A

c) A, B, J

47
Q

Which portion of the inner ear is divided into three channels?

a) C
b) G
c) H
d) J
e) None of these choices

A

b) G

48
Q

Explain the process by which smell sensations are sensed and perceived.

A

Odorant molecules dissolve in mucus secreted by the olfactory epithelium and bind to receptors on olfactory hairs, triggering a generator potential in the olfactory receptor cells. In some cases the binding activates a G protein in the plasma membrane that activates adenylate cyclase that opens sodium ion channels. If the generator potential is above threshold, action potentials are generated in the axons of the olfactory receptor cells (first-order neurons). These axons transmit impulses via cranial nerve I through the olfactory foramina of the cribiform plate and terminate in the olfactory bulbs, where they synapse with second-order neurons. Axons from these neurons form the olfactory tracts, which transmit impulses to the olfactory area in the temporal lobe. Other important brain areas that receive impulses from the olfactory tracts include the limbic system, the hypothalamus, and the orbitofrontal area.

49
Q

Emily was very ill with an upper respiratory infection. Her roommate gave her some chicken soup to make her feel better. Neither Emily nor her roommate realized that the soup was too hot to eat until after Emily put a spoonful in her mouth. Now Emily says she can’t taste anything. Why? When will she be able to taste again?

A

Emily probably already had trouble smelling her food because of her infection. The hot soup probably damaged her taste buds, especially the ones on the front and sides of her tongue. Those taste buds are more sensitive to sweet, sour and salty tastes. The ones at the back of the tongue are sensitive to bitter tastes, and the ones in the throat are sensitive to umami tastes. The taste buds are epithelial tissues and should heal in a few days or so. When they do, Emily will be able to taste again.

50
Q

List and briefly describe the three processes that are used by the eye to form a clear image of object on the retina.

A

1) Refraction involves bending light rays as they move through different media in the eye to eventually form a focused inverted image on the central fovea, 2) Accommodation of the lens for near/distance vision involves changing the shape of lens using the ciliary muscle to help focus light rays on retina, and 3) Constriction of pupil involves an ANS reflex that helps prevent scattering of light through edges of lens.

51
Q

Deafness can occur for many reasons. Use your knowledge of the structure of the ear and the process of detecting sound, to propose a mechanism for how arthritis could cause deafness.

A

Arthritis results when synovial joints are damaged and can no longer move freely. The joints between the ossicles, found in the middle ear, are synovial joints. If they became stiff from arthritis and their movements were limited, sound waves striking the tympanic membrane would not be efficiently transferred to the oval window of the cochlea. Without that transmission, the fluid in the cochlea cannot move the hair cells on the organ of Corti. If those hair cells do not move, no impulses relaying information about sound can be generated.

52
Q

Differentiate between static and dynamic equilibrium. Describe the inner ear structures involved in receiving and transducing sensations involved in maintaining both types of equilibria.

A

Static equilibrium is the maintenance of body position relative to gravity. Dynamic equilibrium is the maintenance of body position in response to movement. Hair cells in the maculae of the utricle and saccule bend are used to detect changes that help maintain static equilibrium. Hair cells in the cristae of semicircular ducts are used to detect changes involved in maintaining dynamic equilibrium.

53
Q

Which part of the diagram contains the olfactory bulb neurons?

a) A
b) B
c) E
d) F
e) H

A

a) A

54
Q

Which structure in the diagram produces mucus?

a) C
b) A
c) F
d) G
e) I

A

a) C

55
Q

Which structure labeled in the diagram contains the receptors that bind the inhaled chemicals?

a) H
b) G
c) I
d) E
e) L

A

c) I

56
Q

Which structure in the diagram is the olfactory epithelium?

a) C
b) D
c) G
d) K
e) F

A

d) K

57
Q

Which structure in the diagram is an opening in the taste bud?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) G

A

a) A

58
Q

The plasma membrane of which structure in the diagram is the initiation site of taste transduction?

a) F
b) B
c) D
d) E
e) G

A

b) B

59
Q

From which of the following layers of the developing embryo do the eyes develop?

a) endoderm
b) mesoderm
c) ectoderm
d) more than one layer contributes
e) none of these choices

A

c) ectoderm

60
Q

How many days after fertilization do the eyes begin to develop?

a) 5
b) 150
c) 10
d) 22
e) 55

A

d) 22

61
Q

During embryonic development, the lens of the eye develops directly from an invagination of the lens placodes called the

a) optic groove.
b) optic vesicle.
c) optic stalk.
d) prosencephalon.
e) lens vesicle.

A

e) lens vesicle.

62
Q

During embryonic development, the first portion of the ear to develop is the

a) middle ear.
b) internal ear.
c) external ear.
d) bony labyrinth.
e) membranous labyrinth.

A

b) internal ear.

63
Q

How many days after fertilization do the ears begin to develop?

a) 5
b) 150
c) 10
d) 22
e) 55

A

d) 22

64
Q

During embryonic development, the middle ear develops from a structure called the first

a) pharyngeal pouch.
b) pharyngeal cleft.
c) otic placodes.
d) otic vesicle.
e) rhombencephalon.

A

a) pharyngeal pouch.

65
Q

During embryonic development, the external ear develops from a structure called the first

a) pharyngeal pouch.
b) pharyngeal cleft.
c) otic placodes.
d) otic vesicle.
e) rhombencephalon.

A

b) pharyngeal cleft.

66
Q

Presbycusis refers to age-associated

a) progressive loss of hearing in one ear.
b) progressive loss of hearing in both ears.
c) progressive loss of near-vision.
d) otitis media.
e) vertigo.

A

b) progressive loss of hearing in both ears.

67
Q

Cataract leads to blindness due to

a) loss of transparency of the lens.
b) a high intraocular pressure.
c) photophobia.
d) scotoma.
e) trachoma.

A

a) loss of transparency of the lens.

68
Q

Which of the following molecules is capable of detecting light rays that strike the photopigments in the retina?

a) cGMP
b) opsin portion of rhodopsin
c) cis-retinal
d) melanin
e) retinal isomerase

A

c) cis-retinal

69
Q

Which of the following statements accurately describes the changes in the membrane potential of a photoreceptor cell when light rays strike its photopigments?

a) The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.
b) The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.
c) A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.
d) No changes in the membrane potential occur.
e) The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

A

b) The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

70
Q

The axons of the ganglion neurons of the retina terminate in the

a) optic disk.
b) optic chiasm.
c) visual cortex of cerebrum.
d) lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
e) primary somatosensory area of cerebral cortex.

A

d) lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

71
Q

Which sensory structure in the inner ear is capable of sensing rapid rotation of your head to the left?

a) macula of the saccule
b) macule of the utricle
c) crista of a semicircular duct
d) organ of Corti
e) None of these choices can sense angular acceleration.

A

c) crista of a semicircular duct

72
Q

Which of the following are structures of the membranous labyrinth of the inner that are involved in dynamic and static equilibrium?

a) vestibule
b) saccule
c) cochlear duct
d) semicircular ducts
e) More than one of these is correct.

A

e) More than one of these is correct.

73
Q

Which of the following structures contains otoliths (ear stones)?

a) macula of the saccule
b) cupula of the crista
c) tectorial membrane of the organ of Corti
d) basilar membrane of the cochlear duct
e) tympanic membrane

A

a) macula of the saccule

74
Q

The vestibular nuclei of the brainstem that control equilibrium receives sensory information from all the following areas EXCEPT the

a) utricle and saccule.
b) semicircular ducts.
c) eyes
d) proprioceptors in the neck muscles.
e) nociceptors in the distal limbs.

A

e) nociceptors in the distal limbs.

75
Q

Nerve impulses for the sense of hearing are initiated in the spiral organ (organ of Corti) and then travel through the _____ to the _____.

a) cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; pons
b) cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; medulla oblongata
c) vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII; pons
d) vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII; medulla oblongata
e) facial nerve; auditory cortex

A

b) cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; medulla oblongata

BIO235 A & P by Tortora and Derrickson 15th ED (19 decks)

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