Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue Flashcards
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?
a) Sensory function
b) Integrative function
c) Motor function
d) All are functions of the nervous system
Answer: d
Which of the following are divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
a) Somatic nervous system
b) Autonomic nervous system
c) Enteric nervous system
d) All of these choices
Answer: d
The motor portion of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into
a) somatic and sympathetic divisions.
b) somatic and parasympathetic divisions.
c) enteric and somatic divisions.
d) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
e) voluntary and involuntary divisions.
Answer: d
Which of the following types of cells display the property of electrical excitability?
a) Muscle cells
b) Neurons
c) All of these choices
d) None of these choice
Answer: c
Which of following organelles is a common site of protein synthesis in neurons?
a) mitochondria
b) nucleus
c) Nissl body
d) Golgi apparatus
e) nucleolus
Answer: c
With respect to neurons, the term “nerve fiber” refers to
a) an axon.
b) a dendrite
c) a Nissl body.
d) both axons and dendrites.
e) all of these choices
Answer: d
This type of neuron has one dendrite and one axon emerging from the cell body.
a) Multipolar neuron
b) Bipolar neuron
c) Unipolar neuron
d) Purkinje cell
e) Renshaw cell
Answer: b
Schwann’s cells begin to form myelin sheaths around axons in the peripheral nervous system
a) when neurons are injured.
b) during fetal development.
c) after birth.
d) only in response to electrical stimulation by neuroglial cells.
e) during the early onset of Alzheimer’s disease.
Answer: b
This type of nervous tissue contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglial cells.
a) Gray matter
b) White matter
c) Nissl bodies
d) Ganglia
e) Nuclei
Answer: a
Which of the following is NOT a type of channel used in production of electrical signals in neurons?
a) Leakage channel
b) Voltage-gated channel
c) Ligand-gated channel
d) Mechanically gated channel
e) Ion-gated channel
Answer: e
A polarized cell
a) has a charge imbalance across its membrane.
b) includes most cells of the body.
c) exhibits a membrane potential.
d) includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.
e) All of these choices are correct.
e) All of these choices are correct.
Na+/K+–ATPase is considered to be an electrogenic pump because
a) it contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential.
b) the sodium ions are negatively charged.
c) it exhibits low permeability.
d) both it contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential and the sodium ions are negatively charged.
e) all of these choices
a) it contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential.
A depolarizing graded potential
a) makes the membrane more polarized.
b) makes the membrane less polarized.
c) is considered a type of action potential.
d) is the last part of an action potential.
e) is seen when the cell approaches threshold.
b) makes the membrane less polarized.
When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,
a) ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.
b) voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.
c) ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.
d) voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.
e) none of these choices occur.
d) voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.
During the resting state of a voltage-gated Na+ channel,
- the inactivation gate is open.
- the activation gate is closed.
- the channel is permeable to Na+.
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) both 1 and 2 are true.
e) all of these choices are true.
d) both 1 and 2 are true.
During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus
a) Latent period
b) Absolute refractory period
c) Relative refractory period
d) All of these choices
e) None of these choices
c) Relative refractory period
Saltatory conduction
a) can occur in unmyelinated axons
b) happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels
c) encodes only action potentials that are initiated in response to pain.
d) occurs in unmyelinated axons and happens due to even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels
e) occurs only in myelinated axons
e) occurs only in myelinated axons
The nervous system can distinguish between a light touch and a heavier touch by
a) saltatory conduction.
b) continuous conduction of graded potentials.
c) changing the frequency of impulses sent to sensory centers.
d) propagation action potential in both directions.
e) modifying the length of the refractory period.
c) changing the frequency of impulses sent to sensory centers.
Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of
a) chemical synapses
b) electrical synapses
c) ligand-gated channels
d) voltage-gated channels
e) mechanically-gated channels
b) electrical synapses
An excitatory neurotransmitter _____ the postsynaptic membrane.
a) depolarizes
b) repolarizes
c) hyperpolarizes
d) does not affect the polarity of
e) moves across channels in
a) depolarizes
Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to
a) remove a neurotransmitter
b) stop a spatial summation
c) continue a temporal summation
d) inhibit a presynaptic potential
e) excite a presynaptic potential
a) remove a neurotransmitter
When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs
a) in the synaptic cleft.
b) in the dendrites.
c) at the trigger zone.
d) in the neuron nucleus.
e) in the neuroplasm.
c) at the trigger zone
A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating
a) EPSPs
b) water-filled channels in its membrane
c) IPSPs
d) either EPSPs or IPSPs
e) All the choices are correct
d) either EPSPs or IPSPs
This type of neural circuit consists of a single presynaptic neuron synapsing with several postsynaptic neurons.
a) Diverging circuit
b) Converging circuit
c) Reverberating circuit
d) Parallel after-discharge circuit
e) Normal circuit
a) Diverging circuit
Plasticity means
a) ability to regenerate after being damaged.
b) sending a signal through a converging circuit.
c) signal transmission at a synapse.
d) ability to change based on experience.
e) ability to stretch and recoil without damage.
d) ability to change based on experience.
What factors limit neurogenesis in the CNS of adults?
Neurogenesis in adults is limited by:
1) Inhibitory influences from neuroglia, mainly from oligodendrocytes, and
2) the absence of growth-stimulating cues present during fetal development.
a. 1
b. 2
c. all of the above
d. none of the above.
c. all of the above
How can medications modify the effects of neurotransmitters?
1) stimulating or inhibiting their synthesis,
2) enhancing or blocking their release,
3) activating or blocking their receptor,
4) stimulating or inhibiting their removal.
a. 1 and 2
b. 2 and 4
c. all of the above
d. none of the above.
c. all of the above
In what ways neurotransmitters can be removed from a synapse?
1) diffusion,
2) enzymatic degradation
3) uptake by cells.
a. 1 and 2
b. 2 and 3
c. all of the above
d. none of the above.
c. all of the above
Briefly describe the events that occur during the depolarizing phase of an action potential.
Voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly allowing Na+ to rush into the cell driven by both the electrical and chemical gradient. The inward rush of Na+ causes the membrane potential to become less negative, resulting in depolarization.
Which part of the diagram is considered nerve fiber?
a) A
b) D
c) I
d) Both A and D
e) All of these choices make up the nerve fiber
d) Both A and D
This part of the neuron contains the nucleus and Nissl bodies
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) E
e) Both A and B
b) B
This part of a neuron contains the nucleus and cytoplasm of the Schwann’s cell that has formed a myelin sheath around the axon.
a) C
b) D
c) E
d) F
e) G
c) E
In the diagram, where are axon terminals?
a) F
b) G
c) H
d) I
e) None of these choices
c) H
Which of the neurons is considered to be a bipolar neuron?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) All of the neurons.
e) None of the neurons.
d) All of the neurons
This structure electrically insulates the axon of a neuron to increase the speed of nerve impulse conduction.
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
e) E
In the diagram, where is a node of Ranvier?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
b) B
In the CNS, this structure is produced by oligodendrocytes.
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
e) E
Which of the diagrams in the figure represents a ligand-gated channel?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
b) B
Which of these types of channels is involved in leaking sodium and potassium ions across the membrane in order to establish the resting potential of a cell?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
a) A
Which of the channels shown in the figure opens and closes randomly?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) All of these choices
a) A
Which diagram represents a reverberating circuit?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
c) C
Which of the types of circuits is commonly used to send sensory signals to multiple areas of the brain?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
Answer: a
Which type of circuit is used to lengthen the output signal in physiological processes like regulation of the breathing pattern?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
c) C
Which type of circuit is involved in solving mathematical problems?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
d) D
What is the structural classification of the neuron labeled A?
a) bipolar neuron
b) multipolar neuron
c) unipolar neuron
d) nonpolar neuron
e) pseudounipolar
b) multipolar neuron
What is the structural classification of the neuron labeled B?
a) bipolar neuron
b) multipolar neuron
c) unipolar neuron
d) nonpolar neuron
e) pseudounipolar
a) bipolar neuron
Which of the following structures is labeled A in the diagram?
a) axon terminal
b) trigger zone
c) cell body
d) peripheral process
e) dendrites
e) dendrites
Which of the following structures is labeled B in the diagram?
a) axon terminal
b) trigger zone
c) cell body
d) peripheral process
e) dendrites
d) peripheral process
Which of the following structures is labeled C in the diagram?
a) axon terminal
b) trigger zone
c) cell body
d) peripheral process
e) dendrites
c) cell body
Which of the following structures is labeled D in the diagram?
a) axon terminal
b) trigger zone
c) cell body
d) peripheral process
e) dendrites
b) trigger zone
Which of the following structures is labeled E in the diagram?
a) axon terminal
b) trigger zone
c) cell body
d) axon
e) dendrites
a) axon terminal
Which of the following types of neurons is the most common type of neuron found in the brain and spinal cord?
a) bipolar neuron
b) multipolar neuron
c) unipolar neuron
d) nonpolar neuron
e) pseudounipolar
b) multipolar neuron
Which of the following types of neurons have one axon and one dendrite emerging from the cell body and are found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and olfactory region of the brain?
a) bipolar neuron
b) multipolar neuron
c) unipolar neuron
d) nonpolar neuron
e) pseudounipolar
a) bipolar neuron
Which of the following types of neurons is exclusively found in the cerebellum?
a) bipolar neuron
b) multipolar neuron
c) Purkinje cells
d) unipolar neuron
e) pyramidal cells
c) Purkinje cells
What specific type of unipolar neuron is shown in the diagram labeled B?
a) Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Merkel disc)
b) Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle)
c) Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
d) nociceptor
e) Purkinje cell
a) Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Merkel disc)
Which of the labeled cells in the figure is NOT a neuroglial cell?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) F
c) C
Which of the labeled cells in the diagram is a neuroglial cell that forms and maintains the myelin sheath around CNS axons?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) F
a) A
Which of the labeled cells in the diagram is a neuroglial cell that forms and maintains the myelin sheath around CNS axons?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) F
a) A
Which of the labeled cells in the diagram is a neuroglial cell that removes debris and acts as a phagocyte?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) F
b) B
Which of the labeled cells in the diagram is a neuroglial cell that produces and assists in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) F
e) F
Name the type of membrane channel that randomly opens and closes and is found in dendrites, cell bodies, and axons of all types of neurons.
a) leakage channel
b) ligand-gated channel
c) mechanically gated channel
d) voltage-gated channel
e) pressure-sensitive channel
a) leakage channel
Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to chemical binding and is found in dendrites of some sensory receptors like pain receptors, and in the dendrites and cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons.
a) leakage channel
b) ligand-gated channels
c) mechanically gated channels
d) voltage-gated channels
e) pressure-sensitive channel
b) ligand-gated channels
Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to touch, pressure, vibration, or tissue stretching and is found in the auditory receptors of the ear, and in touch and pressure receptors in the skin.
a) leakage channel
b) ligand-gated channels
c) mechanically gated channels
d) voltage-gated channels
e) temperature-sensitive channel
c) mechanically gated channels
Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to changes in membrane potential and is located in axons of all types of neurons.
a) leakage channel
b) ligand-gated channels
c) mechanically gated channels
d) voltage-gated channels
e) temperature-sensitive channel
d) voltage-gated channels
Chromatolysis refers to
a) break up of lysosomes after neural injury.
b) Wallerian degeneration after neural injury.
c) plasticity of neuron.
d) break up of Nissl bodies after neural injury.
e) none of these choices
d) break up of Nissl bodies after neural injury.
Wallerian degeneration refers to
a) degeneration of the proximal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury.
b) degeneration of the distal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury.
c) break of Nissl bodies after neural injury.
d) plasticity of neuron.
e) none of these choices
b) degeneration of the distal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury
Describe the difference between spatial and temporal summation in a postsynaptic neuron
Spatial summation is summation of postsynaptic potentials in response to stimuli that occur at different locations in the membrane of a postsynaptic cell at the same time. This typically occurs when multiple presynaptic neurons synapse with one postsynaptic neuron and fire simultaneously. Temporal summation is summation of postsynaptic potentials in response to stimuli that occur at the same location in the membrane of the postsynaptic cell but at different times. This typically occurs when one presynaptic neuron fires in rapid succession leading to a summing of the resulting EPSPs, which then triggers the generation of action potentials in the postsynaptic neuron as it moves above threshold.
Hearing your cell phone ring in an otherwise quiet lecture hall is an example of which of the following types of nervous system functions?
a) Sensory function
b) Integrative function
c) Motor function
d) More than one of the types of nervous system functions
e) None of the types of nervous system functions
a) Sensory function
Which of the following types of electrical signals allow rapid long-distance communication within the nervous system?
a) resting potential
b) nerve action potential
c) muscle action potential
d) graded potential
e) long-term potentiation
b) nerve action potential
In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of _____ across the membrane.
a) electrons
b) protons
c) ions
d) free radicals
e) neutrons
c) ions
In the process of spatial summation, _____ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.
a) EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials
b) IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials
c) EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials
d) IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs
e) EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs
a) EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials
In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it
a) stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.
b) fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.
c) fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.
d) recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.
e) runs out of neurotransmitter.
b) fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.
Which of the following neurotransmitters are used in virtually all of the inhibitory synapses found in the spinal cord?
a) gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine
b) gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine
c) epinephrine and norepinephrine
d) serotonin and melatonin
e) glutamate and aspartate
b) gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine
Which type of depression results in an individual with a manic-depressive illness.
a) major depression.
b) dysthymia.
c) bipolar disorder.
d) seasonal affective disorder.
e) all of these disorders.
c) bipolar disorder.
